Multiple melt bodies fed the AD 2011 eruption of Puyehue-Cordon Caulle, Chile

Artículo de publicación ISIWithin the volcanological community there is a growing awareness that many large-to smallscale, point-source eruptive events can be fed by multiple melt bodies rather than from a single magma reservoir. In this study, glass shard major-and trace-element compositions were determined from tephra systematically sampled from the outset of the Puyehue-Corden Caulle (PCC) eruption (similar to 1 km(3)) in southern Chile which commenced on June 4th, 2011. Three distinct but cogenetic magma bodies were simultaneously tapped during the paroxysmal phase of this eruption. These are readily identified by clear compositional gaps in CaO, and by Sr/Zr and Sr/Y ratios, resulting from dominantly plagioclase extraction at slightly different pressures, with incompatible elements controlled by zircon crystallisation. Our results clearly demonstrate the utility of glass shard major-and trace-element data in defining the contribution of multiple magma bodies to an explosive eruption. The complex spatial association of the PCC fissure zone with the Liquine-Ofqui Fault zone was likely an influential factor that impeded the ascent of the parent magma and allowed the formation of discrete melt bodies within the sub-volcanic system that continued to independently fractionate.Argentine PIP CONICET 2011 0311 FONCYT PICT 2010 2046 Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio grants P02-51 NC120066 Chilean Fondecyt 115146

Secondary lahar hazard assessment for Villa la Angostura, Argentina, using Two-Phase-Titan modelling code during 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption

This paper presents the results of lahar modelling in the town of Villa La Angostura (Neuquén-Argentina) based on the Two-Phase-Titan modelling computer code. The purpose of this exercise is to provide decision makers with a useful tool to assess lahar hazard during the 2011 PuyehueCordón Caulle Volcanic Complex eruption. The possible occurrence of lahars mobilized from recent ash falls that could reach the city was analysed. The performance of the TwoPhase-Titan model using 15 m resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) developed from optical satellite images and from radar satellite images was evaluated. The output of these modellings showed inconsistencies that, based on field observations, were attributed to bad adjustment of the DEMs to real topography. Further testing of results using more accurate radar-based 10 m DEM, provided more realistic predictions. This procedure allowed us to simulate the path of flows from Florencia, Las Piedritas and Colorado creeks, which are the most hazardous streams for debris flows in Villa La Angostura. The output of the modelling is a valuable tool for city planning and risk management especially considering the glacial geomorphic features of the region, the strong urban development growth and the land occupation that has occurred in the last decade in Villa La Angostura and its surroundings.Fil: Córdoba, G.. Universidad de Nariño; ColombiaFil: Villarosa, Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Reg.universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Sheridan, M.. State University of New York at Buffalo; Estados UnidosFil: Viramonte, Jose German. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional; ArgentinaFil: Beigt, Debora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Reg.universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Salinas de Salmuni, Nelida Graciela. Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Secondary lahar hazard assessment for Villa la Angostura, Argentina, using Two-Phase-Titan modelling code during 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption

This paper shows the results of secondary lahar modelling in Villa La Angostura town (Neuquén-Argentina) based on the Two-Phase-Titan modelling computer code, which aimed to provide decision makers a useful tool to assess lahar hazard during the 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex eruption. Possible occurrence of secondary lahars that could reach the city was analized. The performance of the Two-Phase-Titan model using 15 m resolution DEMs developed from optical satellite images and from radar satellite images was evaluated. The output of these modellings showed inconsis- tencies that, based on field observations, were attributed to bad adjustment of DEMs to real topography. Further testing of results using more accurate radar based 10 m DEM, proved more realistic predictions. The procedure allowed to simulate the path of flows from Florencia, Las Piedritas and Colorado creeks, which are the most influenc- ing streams in Villa La Angostura. The output of the modelling is a valuable tool for city planning and risk management especially considering the glacial geomorphology features of the region, the strong urban development growth and the land occupation tendencies observed in last decade in Villa La Angostura and its surroundings

An 18,000 year-long eruptive record from Volcán Chaitén, northwestern Patagonia:Paleoenvironmental and hazard-assessment implications

The 2008 eruption of Volcán Chaitén (VCha) in northwestern Patagonia was the first explosive rhyolitic eruption to have occurred within a century and provided an unprecedented scientific opportunity to examine all facets of the eruption ranging from magma rheology/ascent rates to ash-fall effects on biota and infrastructure. Up to very recently it was thought that the latest eruption prior to the 2008 event occurred c. 9750 cal. a BP. Although a number of researchers have recognised additional eruptive products, but their stratigraphy, age, and geochemical attributes have not been systematically described and/or recorded. In this study, we provide a detailed examination of andic cover-beds and tephra-bearing lake sequences located both proximally and distally to VCha, which record a series of hitherto unknown rhyolitic eruptive products and place all previous observations firmly within a coherent stratigraphic framework. Through major- and trace-element glass shard geochemistry we are able to confidently verify eruptive source. A total of 20 discrete tephra beds are recognised, with at least 10 having widespread areal distributions and/or depositional imprints broadly comparable to, or greater than, the 2008-tephra event. This record indicates that VCha has been continuously but intermittently active as far back as the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 18,000 cal a BP) with two dominant, genetically related magma types and an intermediary ¿mixed¿ type. Before this the eruptive record has been largely obscured and/or erased by widespread Andean piedmont glaciation. However, based on the tempo of VCha activity over the last c. 18,000 years, older VCha eruptives can be anticipated to occur as well as future hazardous explosive events. The new eruptive inventory will ultimately be useful for correlating equivalent-aged sequences and refining long-term eruptive tempo as well as corresponding temporal changes in magmatic evolution

Long-term effectiveness of the midwifery initiated oral health-dental service program on maternal oral health knowledge, preventative dental behaviours and the oral health status of children in Australia

Background The Midwifery Initiated Oral Health-Dental Service was developed to train midwives to promote maternal oral health, and a large trial showed it substantially improved the oral health, knowledge and behaviours of pregnant women. Aim Evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the program (post-trial) on maternal oral health knowledge, dental behaviours, and early childhood caries in offspring. Methods A prospective cohort study involving 204 women and children 3–4 years (followed after trial) was conducted in Sydney, Australia from 2017 to 2019. Results The program did not have a significant impact on the study measures. Mothers who received the program did have comparatively better knowledge around preventative behaviours to reduce early childhood caries and significantly more mothers were engaging in a key behaviour of using a cup to feed their child. Overall maternal oral health knowledge and level of education did have a protective effect on the dental decay of children. Higher knowledge and levels of education reduced the odds of having a dmft of one or more by over half (OR 0.473), and almost 80% (OR 0.212) respectively. Conclusions Although the MIOH-DS program was not effective, there is still value in exploring other complementary interventions to improve maternal oral health, especially for disadvantaged families. Future research should focus on co-designing an antenatal and postnatal oral health intervention and exploring its long-term impact on the oral health of children

Mapping socio-environmental vulnerability and environmental health promotion in a rural community of Lamarão, Federal District, Brazil, 2011

Objetivo: realizar atividade de ensino e extensão com alunos de graduação para construção de diagnóstico participativo sobre as condições de vida, ambiente e trabalho em núcleo populacional rural, visando subsidiar ações de promoção da saúde pela equipe de agentes comunitários da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: trabalho realizado no Núcleo Rural do Lamarão, no Distrito Federal, de outubro/2010 a janeiro/2011. Alunos, conjuntamente com agentes comunitários de saúde, por meio de entrevistas, visitas e oficinas, aplicaram instrumentos de Estimativa Participativa Rápida e de construção de mapa de vulnerabilidade socioambiental e de contextos de promoção da saúde ambiental. Resultados: identificaram-se como promotores da vida na comunidade: diversidade de produção de alimentos, liberdade e segurança, união e organização da comunidade, geração de empregos e natureza. Foram considerados ameaçadores à vida: cultura alimentar, uso inadequado de agrotóxicos, uso incorreto de equipamentos de proteção individual, pulverização aérea, falta de lazer, falta de transporte, uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Conclusão: a partir do diagnóstico, será construído um projeto de intervenção participativo que incorporará características de ensino, pesquisa e extensão na relação Saúde, Trabalho, Ambiente e Nutrição.Objective: To involve undergraduate students in an extension activity aimed at conducting a participatory diagnosis on life, environment, and work conditions in a rural settlement, with the purpose of raising goals for future health promotion actions performed by community health agents of the Family Health Strategy. Methods: The study was held between October 2010 and January 2011 in the rural community of Lamarão, located in the Federal District in Brazil. By means of interviews, visits, and workshops, students and community health agentes used Participatory Rapid Appraisal instruments as well as tools for mapping socio-environmental vulnerability and health promotion related issues. Results: The following were identified as life promotion factors in the community: food production diversity, freedom and safety, unity and community organization, job generation, and nature. Considered as threatening to life were: food culture, improper use of pesticides, inadequate use of personal protective equipment, aerial spraying, lack of leisure, lack of transportation, use of licit and illicit drugs. Conclusion: A participatory intervention project will be developed, which will incorporate teaching, research and extension activities regarding Health, Work, Environment, and Nutrition

What do antenatal care providers understand and do about oral health care during pregnancy: a cross-sectional survey in New South Wales, Australia

BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence to support the lack of awareness among pregnant women about health consequences and long term risks associated with poor oral hygiene during pregnancy. A recognised and important point of influence is their interaction with health professionals, particularly when receiving Antenatal Care. However, there is limited evidence about the perceptions of ANC providers in Australia toward the provision of perinatal oral healthcare. This study was undertaken to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Antenatal Care (ANC) providers in New South Wales (NSW), Australia providing perinatal oral healthcare and to identify barriers to and predictors of their practices in this area. METHODS: A cross sectional survey was undertaken of ANC providers (general practitioners, obstetricians/gynaecologists and midwives) practising in NSW, Australia. Participants were recruited through their professional organisations via email, postal mail, and networking at conferences. The survey addressed the domains of knowledge, attitude, barriers and practices towards oral healthcare, along with demographics. Data was entered into SPSS software and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: A total of 393 surveys (17.6% response rate) were completed comprising 124 general practitioners, 74 obstetricians/gynaecologists and 195 midwives. The results showed limited knowledge among ANC providers regarding the impact of poor maternal oral health on pregnancy/infant outcomes. Most (99%) participants agreed that maternal oral health was important yet few were discussing the importance of oral health or advising women to visit a dentist (16.4–21.5%). Further, less than a third felt they had the skills to provide oral health advice during pregnancy. ANC providers who were more knowledgeable about maternal oral health, had training and information in this area and greater experience, were more likely to engage in practices addressing the oral health of pregnant women. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that ANC providers in NSW are not focussing on oral health with pregnant women. ANC providers seem willing to discuss oral health if they have appropriate education/training and information in this area. Further research at a national level is required to confirm whether these findings are similar in all Australian states

Probabilistic lahar hazard assesment by modeling: the case of Villa La Angostura, provincia de Neuquén, Argentina

En este trabajo se propone una manera de estimar la amenaza probabilística por lahares. Se aplican métodos estadísticos para obtener un muestreo representativo de todas las posibles combinaciones que resultan en decenas de escenarios hipotéticos, a partir de los cuales se obtiene la probabilidad de impacto de un evento potencialmente destructivo con determinada característica. A fin de determinar esta probabilidad, se usa una aproximación Bayesiana, que permite tener en cuenta la posibilidad de que los lugares de interés sean afectados desde varias fuentes. Los escenarios hipotéticos se simulan computacionalmente con el programa Titan2F. La metodología se aplica a la población Villa la Angostura, provincia de Neuquén, Argentina.Le but de ce travail est d'évaluer l?aléa lahar de manière probabiliste. Des méthodes statistiques visent à obtenirun échantillonnage représentatif de toutes les combinaisons posibles qui délivrent des dizaines de scénarios hypothétiques,à partir desquels on obtient la probabilité d'impacts d'un événement potentiellement destructif. Une aproche bayésienne estutilisée pour déterminer cette probabilité qui permet de tenir compte du fait que la zone d'intérêt soit affectée de diversesmanières. La modélisation numérique des scénarios hypothétiques utilise le code Titan2F et s'applique à la ville Villa la Angostura, province de Neuquen, en Argentine.Fil: Córdoba, G.. Universidad de Nariño; ColombiaFil: Villarosa, Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Guerrero, A.. Universidad de Nariño; Colombi

Análisis de deslizamientos subacuáticos en deltas lacustres (lago Nahuel Huapi, Argentina) a partir de batimetrías de alta resolución

The cities located along the coasts of the North-Patagonian Andean lakes are exposed to regional seismic and volcanic activities and associated tsunamigenic events developed in the lacustrine basins. Extraordinary waves, such as the 1960 tsunami in Nahuel Huapi lake that hit the coasts of the city of Bariloche, may be induced by subaequeous or subaerial landslides triggered during a strong earthquake (Villarosa et al., 2009). This article focusses on the study of mass-wasting processes that occur in the submerged portion of lacustrine deltas located at the coasts of Bariloche and Dina Huapi cities. The results presented here are an input for future hazard evaluation studies. The subaequeous morphology was surveyed using a Phase Measuring Bathymetric Sonar System. Digital Elevation Models and DEMderived maps were performed in ArcGIS. Bathymetric data show characteristic features of Gilbert-type deltas: steep delta fronts where sediments are mobilized by gravitational processes (landslides, debris flows and/or turbidity currents). Numerous landslides found in the delta fronts (~10-m high headscarps with a maximum length of ~200 m, and lateral scarps that exceed a length of 600 m) indicate that mass-wasting phenomena involving large volumes of sediment periodically develop in these environments. These events are potential generators of waves in the water surface. The proximity among these deltas and the coastal cities implies that an event of this kind triggered by a strong regional earthquake could affect their vulnerable coasts.Las localidades asentadas en las costas de los grandes lagos de Norpatagonia Andina están expuestas a frecuente actividad sísmica y volcánica regional y a fenómenos tsunamigénicos asociados. Olas extraordinarias como el tsunami de 1960 en el lago Nahuel Huapi, que afectó las costas de la ciudad de Bariloche, pueden ser inducidas por deslizamientos subaéreos o subacuáticos desencadenados durante un sismo de magnitud (Villarosa et al., 2009). Este trabajo aborda el estudio de los procesos de remoción en masa que se desarrollan en la porción sumergida de deltas lacustres ubicados en las costas de las localidades de Bariloche y Dina Huapi, con el fin de aportar información relevante que sirva de base a futuras evaluaciones de peligrosidad en estas costas. Se registró la morfología subacuática mediante un Sonar Batimétrico por Medición de Fase y se confeccionaron Modelos Digitales de Elevación y mapas derivados utilizando ArcGIS. Los resultados indican que se trata de deltas tipo Gilbert: frentes deltaicos de pendientes pronunciadas donde el sustrato se moviliza mediante procesos gravitacionales (deslizamientos, flujos de detritos y/o corrientes de turbidez). La abundancia y magnitud de los deslizamientos (con escarpas de cabecera de unos 10 m de altura y hasta 200 m de longitud y escarpas laterales que se extienden hasta el límite del área estudiada, superando los 600 m de longitud) indican que periódicamente se desarrollan fenómenos de remoción que involucran grandes volúmenes de sedimento. Estos eventos son potenciales generadores de ondas en la superficie del lago. La cercanía entre estos ambientes y las localidades costeras implica que un evento de este tipo desencadenado por un terremoto de magnitud considerable en la región podría afectar a las costas más vulnerables

Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms: Focus on the Future Perspectives for Pharmacological, Biomedical and Regenerative Medicine Applications of Marine Collagen

Marine environments cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and are among the richest and most complex ecosystems. In terms of biodiversity, the ocean represents an important source, still not widely exploited, of bioactive products derived from species of bacteria, plants, and animals. However, global warming, in combination with multiple anthropogenic practices, represents a serious environmental problem that has led to an increase in gelatinous zooplankton, a phenomenon referred to as jellyfish bloom. In recent years, the idea of "sustainable development" has emerged as one of the essential elements of green-economy initiatives; therefore, the marine environment has been re-evaluated and considered an important biological resource. Several bioactive compounds of marine origin are being studied, and among these, marine collagen represents one of the most attractive bio-resources, given its use in various disciplines, such as clinical applications, cosmetics, the food sector, and many other industrial applications. This review aims to provide a current overview of marine collagen applications in the pharmacological and biomedical fields, regenerative medicine, and cell therapy