A near-optimal response-adaptive procedure randomisation for multi-armed clinical trials with normally distributed outcomes

We propose a novel response-adaptive randomisation procedure for multi-armed trials with normally distributed outcomes which is non-myopic, thus is near-optimal in terms of patient bene t, yet maintains computa- tional feasibility. We derive our response-adaptive algorithm based on the Gittins index for the multi-armed bandit problem, as an extension of the method rst introduced in Villar et al (2015). We illustrate the proposed procedure by simulations in the context of Phase II cancer trials. Our results show that there are e ciency and patient bene t gains of using a response-adaptive allocation procedure with a continuous endpoint instead of a binary one. These gains persist even if an anticipated low rate of missing data due to deaths, drop-outs or complete responses is imputed online through a procedure introduced in this paper. Additionally, we discuss how there are response-adaptive designs that outperform the traditional equal randomised design both in terms of e ciency and patient bene t measures in the multi-armed trial context

La Creatividad como Medio que Posibilita la Enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales

La propuesta pedagógica, 'La creatividad como medio que posibilita el aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales' surge y se desarrolla atendiendo a las necesidades y requerimientos que se presentan en el proceso de enseñanza del área en mención. Se propone para la misma, un modelo pedagógico activista, el cual se fundamenta en la concepción del niño como centro del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje , es decir la acción forma la personalidad y el conocimiento del individuo, es actuar con iniciativa e intereses personales. Atendiendo los requerimiento a la Ley General de Educación, Ley 115 de 1994 se propone la interdisciplinariedad del área a través de la implementación de los núcleos temáticos y problemáticos lo que facilita el proceso de enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales y a su vez evita la jerarquización entre las asignaturas o saberes que la conforman. Se tomó como principio y fundamento de esta propuesta el elemento creatividad ya que está permite fomentar o crear espacios de libertad, donde los alumnos pueden expresar, manipular, experimentar e innovar creativamente su entorno y actuar como agente transformador y protagonistas de los cambios que requiere y necesita la sociedad

Quantifying Efficiency Gains of Innovative Designs of Two-Arm Vaccine Trials for COVID-19 Using an Epidemic Simulation Model.

Clinical trials of a vaccine during an epidemic face particular challenges, such as the pressure to identify an effective vaccine quickly to control the epidemic, and the effect that time-space-varying infection incidence has on the power of a trial. We illustrate how the operating characteristics of different trial design elements maybe evaluated using a network epidemic and trial simulation model, based on COVID-19 and individually randomized two-arm trials with a binary outcome. We show that "ring" recruitment strategies, prioritizing participants at an imminent risk of infection, can result in substantial improvement in terms of power in the model we present. In addition, we introduce a novel method to make more efficient use of the data from the earliest cases of infection observed in the trial, whose infection may have been too early to be vaccine-preventable. Finally, we compare several methods of response-adaptive randomization (RAR), discussing their advantages and disadvantages in the context of our model and identifying particular adaptation strategies that preserve power and estimation properties, while slightly reducing the number of infections, given an effective vaccine

Algorithms for Adaptive Experiments that Trade-off Statistical Analysis with Reward: Combining Uniform Random Assignment and Reward Maximization

Multi-armed bandit algorithms like Thompson Sampling (TS) can be used to conduct adaptive experiments, in which maximizing reward means that data is used to progressively assign participants to more effective arms. Such assignment strategies increase the risk of statistical hypothesis tests identifying a difference between arms when there is not one, and failing to conclude there is a difference in arms when there truly is one. We tackle this by introducing a novel heuristic algorithm, called TS-PostDiff (Posterior Probability of Difference). TS-PostDiff takes a Bayesian approach to mixing TS and Uniform Random (UR): the probability a participant is assigned using UR allocation is the posterior probability that the difference between two arms is 'small' (below a certain threshold), allowing for more UR exploration when there is little or no reward to be gained. We evaluate TS-PostDiff against state-of-the-art strategies. The empirical and simulation results help characterize the trade-offs of these approaches between reward, False Positive Rate (FPR), and statistical power, as well as under which circumstances each is effective. We quantify the advantage of TS-PostDiff in performing well across multiple differences in arm means (effect sizes), showing the benefits of adaptively changing randomization/exploration in TS in a "Statistically Considerate" manner: reducing FPR and increasing statistical power when differences are small or zero and there is less reward to be gained, while exploiting more when differences may be large. This highlights important considerations for future algorithm development and analysis to better balance reward and statistical analysis

USO DE LA RÚBRICA Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO EN UNA INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA PRIVADA DE AREQUIPA, PERÚ

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the use of the rubric and the academic performance of students in a private educational institution in Arequipa. Methodologically, the research was non-experimental, descriptive-correlational design and worked with the deductive method with a quantitative approach. We worked with a sample of 90 students, using non-probabilistic sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect the information, as well as the institution's transcript of records and study plan. It is concluded that there is a high and significant relationship between the use of the rubric and the academic performance of the students of a private educational institution in Arequipa.El presente trabajo de investigación cuyo propósito fue determinar la relación que existe entre el uso de la rúbrica y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de una institución educativa privada de Arequipa. Metodológicamente, la investigación fue de tipo no experimental, de diseño descriptivo – correlacional y se trabajó con el método deductivo con un enfoque cuantitativo. Se trabajó con una muestra de 90 estudiantes, se trabajó con muestreo no probabilístico. Para recoger la información se utilizó cuestionarios, se empleó también el acta de notas y plan de estudios de la institución. Se concluye que existe una relación alta y significativa entre el uso de la rúbrica y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de una institución educativa privada de Arequipa

Síndrome de burnout y satisfacción laboral en conductores de una empresa de transportes, Lima 2021

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre el Síndrome de Burnout y la satisfacción laboral en conductores de una empresa de transportes, Lima 2021. Empleó una metodología de enfoque cuantitativa, de tipo básica presentando un diseño no experimental, causal – correlacional con una muestra de 166 trabajadores. Luego de obtener los datos se tabularon haciendo uso del software estadístico SPSS. Se obtuvo como resultado un coeficiente de correlación -,296, lo que indica correlación negativa baja. Así mismo el nivel de significancia (sig.=0.000) siendo el p valor menor a 0.05. Concluyéndose que, existe relación entre el Síndrome de Burnout y la satisfacción laboral en conductores de una empresa de transportes, Lima 2021.The present investigation entitled burnout syndrome and job satisfaction in drivers of a transport company, Lima 2021, aimed to determine the relationship between Burnout Syndrome and job satisfaction in drivers of a transport company, Lima 2021. It used a quantitative approach methodology, basic type presenting a non-experimental, causal - correlational design with a sample of 166 workers. After obtaining the data, they were tabulated using the SPSS statistical software. A correlation coefficient of -296 was obtained, indicating a low negative correlation. Likewise, the level of significance (sig. =0.000) being the p value less than 0.05. Concluding that there is a relationship between Burnout Syndrome and job satisfaction in drivers of a transport company, Lima 2021