12,116 research outputs found
A model for jets of low-mass microquasars
In this work we present a new jet model for the non-thermal broadband
emission of low-mass microquasars. We calculate the contribution of
relativistic particles, primary electrons and protons as well as secondary
muons, charged pions and electron-positron pairs, to the electromagnetic
spectrum of the sources. The distribution in energy of all particle species is
obtained for an extended, inhomogeneous region. We include detailed analysis of
particle energy losses, injection, decay and escape from the acceleration zone.
We also calculate absorption effects due to photon-photon annihilation. As an
application, we consider the case of XTE J1118+480, a well-known low-mass X-ray
binary in the galactic halo, and we present predictions about its high-energy
radiationComment: 7 pages, 6 figures. Proceedings of the 25th Texas Symposium on
Relativistic Astrophysics - TEXAS 2010, December 06-10, 2010, Heidelberg,
German
Leptonic/hadronic models for electromagnetic emission in microquasars: the case of GX 339-4
We present a general self-consistent lepto/hadronic jet model for the
non-thermal electromagnetic emission of microquasars. The model is applied to
the low-mass microquasar (LMMQ) GX 339-4 and predicts its high-energy features.
We assume that both leptons and hadrons are accelerated up to relativistic
energies by diffusive shock acceleration, and calculate their contribution to
the electromagnetic spectrum through all main radiative processes. The
radiative contribution of secondary particles (pions, muons and
electron-positron pairs) is included. We use a set of simultaneous observations
in radio and X-rays to constrain the model parameters and find the best fit to
the data. We obtain different spectral energy distributions that can explain
the observations, and make predictions for the high-energy emission.
Observations with gamma-ray instruments like Fermi can be used to test the
model and determine the proton content of the jets. Finally, we estimate the
positron injection in the surrounding medium. Our findings support the
suggested association between LMMQs and the observed distribution of the 511
keV line flux observed by INTEGRAL.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
High-energy signatures of binary systems of supermassive black holes
Context. Binary systems of supermassive black holes are expected to be strong
sources of long gravitational waves prior to merging. These systems are good
candidates to be observed with forthcoming space-borne detectors. Only a few of
these systems, however, have been firmly identified to date.
Aims. We aim at providing a criterion for the identification of some
supermassive black hole binaries based on the characteristics of the
high-energy emission of a putative relativistic jet launched from the most
massive of the two black holes.
Methods. We study supermassive black hole binaries where the less massive
black hole has carved an annular gap in the circumbinary disk, but nevertheless
there is a steady mass flow across its orbit. Such a perturbed disk is hotter
and more luminous than a standard thin disk in some regions. Assuming that the
jet contains relativistic electrons, we calculate its broadband spectral energy
distribution focusing on the inverse Compton up-scattering of the disk photons.
We also compute the opacity to the gamma rays produced in the jet by photon
annihilation with the disk radiation and take into account the effects of the
anisotropy of the target photon field as seen from the jet.
Results. We find that the excess of low-energy photons radiated by the
perturbed disk causes an increment in the external Compton emission from the
jet in the X-ray band, and a deep absorption feature at energies of tens of
TeVs for some sets of parameters. According to our results, observations with
Cherenkov telescopes might help in the identification of supermassive black
hole binaries, especially those black hole binaries that host primaries from
tens to hundreds of million of solar masses.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
Lepto-hadronic model for the broadband emission of Cygnus X-1
Cygnus X-1 is a well observed microquasar. Broadband observations at all
wavelengths have been collected over the years. The origin of the MeV tail
observed with COMPTEL and INTEGRAL is still under debate and it has mostly been
attributed to the corona, although its high degree of polarization suggests it
is synchrotron radiation from a jet. The origin of the transient emission above
GeV is also unclear. We aim to disentangle the origin of the
broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of Cygnus X-1, focusing
particularly on the gamma-ray emission, and to gain information on the physical
conditions inside the jets. We develop and apply a lepto-hadronic,
inhomogeneous jet model to the non-thermal SED of Cygnus X-1. We calculate the
contributions to the SED of both protons and electrons accelerated in an
extended region of the jet. We also estimate the radiation of charged
secondaries produced in hadronic interactions, through several radiative
processes. Absorption effects are considered. We produce synthetic maps of the
jets at radio wavelengths. We find two sets of model parameters that lead to
good fits of the SED. One of the models fits all the observations, including
the MeV tail. This model also predicts hadronic gamma-ray emission slightly
below the current upper limits. The flux predicted at 8.4 GHz is in agreement
with the observations available in the literature, although the synthetic
source is more compact than the imaged radio jet. Our results show that the MeV
emission in Cygnus X-1 may be jet synchrotron radiation. This depends mainly on
the strength of the jet magnetic field and the location of the injection region
of the relativistic particles. Our calculations show that there must be
energetic electrons in the jets quite far from the black hole.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
Outstanding intraindividual genetic diversity in fissiparous planarians (Dugesia, Platyhelminthes) with facultative sex.
Predicted genetic consequences of asexuality include high intraindividual genetic diversity (i.e., the Meselson effect) and accumulation of deleterious mutations (i.e., Mullerâs Ratchet), among others. These consequences have been largely studied in parthenogenetic organisms, but studies on fissiparous species are scarce. Differing from parthenogens, fissiparous organisms inherit part of the soma of the progenitor, including somatic mutations. Thus, in the long term, fissiparous reproduction may also result in genetic mosaicism, besides the presence of the Meselson effect and Mullerâs Ratchet. Dugesiidae planarians show outstanding regeneration capabilities, allowing them to naturally reproduce by fission, either strictly or combined with sex (facultative). Therefore, they are an ideal model to analyze the genetic footprint of fissiparous reproduction, both when it is alternated with sex and when it is the only mode of reproduction
Nash Equilibrium and information transmission coding and decoding rules
The design of equilibrium protocols in sender-receiver games where communication is noisy occupies an important place in the Economic literature. This paper shows that the common way of constructing a noisy channel communication protocol in Information Theory does not necessarily lead to a Nash equilibrium. Given the decoding scheme, it may happen that, given some state, it is better for the sender to transmit a message that is different from that prescribed by the codebook. Similarly, when the sender uses the codebook as prescribed, the receiver may sometimes prefer to deviate from the decoding scheme when receiving a message.Noisy channel, Shannon's Theorem, sender-receiver games, Nash equilibrium
Pragmatic Languages with Universal Grammars
This paper shows the existence of an equilibrium pragmatic Language with a universal grammar as a coordination device under communication misunderstandings. Such a language plays a key role in achieving efficient outcomes in those Sender-Receiver games where there may exist noisy information transmission. The Language is pragmatic in the sense that the Receiverâ best response depends on the context, i.e, on the payoffs and on the initial probability distribution of the states of nature of the underlying game. The Language has a universal grammar because the coding rule does not depend on such specific parameters and can then be applied to any Sender-Receiver game with noisy communication.grammar, pragmatic language, prototypes, separating equilibria
Non-thermal radiation from Cygnus X-1 corona
Cygnus X-1 was the first X-ray source widely accepted to be a black hole
candidate and remains among the most studied astronomical objects in its class.
The detection of non-thermal radio, hard X-rays and gamma rays reveals the fact
that this kind of objects are capable of accelerating particles up to very high
energies.
In order to explain the electromagnetic emission from Cygnus X-1 in the
low-hard state we present a model of a black hole corona with both relativistic
lepton and hadron content. We characterize the corona as a two-temperature hot
plasma plus a mixed non-thermal population in which energetic particles
interact with magnetic, photon and matter fields. Our calculations include the
radiation emitted by secondary particles (pions, muons and electron/positron
pairs). Finally, we take into account the effects of photon absorption. We
compare the results obtained from our model with data of Cygnus X-1 obtained by
the COMPTEL instrument.Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures, presented as a poster in HEPRO II, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, October 26-30 2009 / accepted for publication in Int. Jour. Mod.
Phys.
- âŠ