ESSENCE AND TYPES OF ECOTOURISM: LITERATURE REVIEW

Ecotourism is one of the components of sustainable tourism. Ecotourism is perceived as an effective means of achieving sustainable development. Most countries in the world have begun to recognize ecotourism as a key tool for economic development and conservation. Ecotourism involves exploring nature to learn and carry out environmentally friendly tourism activities. Ecotourism provides an exciting natural experience that contributes to the economic and social development of local communities. Ecotourism mainly includes visits to the landscape, nature, flora and fauna, as well as others. The aim of the research is to study and analyze the essence, types and impact of ecotourism on the development of sustainable tourism

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF VATA RAKTA W.S.R. TO GOUT

The rapid modernization in India, fast food culture, stressful and speedy life, prevalent in urban areas is spreading its wings in remote villages too. Nowadays human beings are vulnerable to many disorders due to their altered life style and food habits. Among such metabolic disorders Vatarakta is one of them.Vatarakta is more distressing and common metabolic disorder prevalent in present era. It is characterised by severe pain, tenderness, inflammation and burning sensation in the affected joints. It is a Vatapradhana tridoshaja vyadhi where Rakta is main Dushya. Vatarakta is an illness where both Vata and Rakta are afflicted by distinct aetiological factors. Sedentary lifestyle along with mental stress, consumption of non-vegetarian and highly protein diet, excessive alcohol intake are some of the precipitating factors which causes acute exacerbation of Vatarakta. The aetiological factors responsible for Gouty arthritis, pathology and clinical features are quite similar with the Vatarakta. Due to excruciating pain, inflammation, joint deformity and restricted joint movements with the risk of various complications like urate nephropathy and urate nephrolithiasis its necessary to have a complete overview on all aspects of disease for treatment. Management of Vatarakta is a challenge as it is a disease of severe morbidity, chronicity and incurable to certain extent with associated complications. With certain life style modifications like low protein diet etc. and certain Ayurveda modalities viz. Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa its can be cure and prevented.

Zika virus infection reprograms global transcription of host cells to allow sustained infection.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus causally linked to neurological disorders, including congenital microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. There are currently no targeted therapies for ZIKV infection. To identify novel antiviral targets and to elucidate the mechanisms by which ZIKV exploits the host cell machinery to support sustained replication, we analyzed the transcriptomic landscape of human microglia, fibroblast, embryonic kidney and monocyte-derived macrophage cell lines before and after ZIKV infection. The four cell types differed in their susceptibility to ZIKV infection, consistent with differences in their expression of viral response genes before infection. Clustering and network analyses of genes differentially expressed after ZIKV infection revealed changes related to the adaptive immune system, angiogenesis and host metabolic processes that are conducive to sustained viral production. Genes related to the adaptive immune response were downregulated in microglia cells, suggesting that ZIKV effectively evades the immune response after reaching the central nervous system. Like other viruses, ZIKV diverts host cell resources and reprograms the metabolic machinery to support RNA metabolism, ATP production and glycolysis. Consistent with these transcriptomic analyses, nucleoside metabolic inhibitors abrogated ZIKV replication in microglia cells

Integrated Approach for Bioethanol and Paper Production using Populus deltoides Wood Biomass: An Experimental Study

Lignocellulosic materials contain two major sugar macromolecules, cellulose and hemicellulose, and polyphenolic lignin. During pulping, lignin and hemicellulose are broken down into smaller molecules such as organic acids, and removed in the black liquor, leaving cellulose fibers for papermaking. Lignocellulose consists of approximately 28–35% hemicelluloses, which are lost during the pulping process in black liquor and are an important source of sugars that can be used to produce bioethanol as a liquid fuel. The hemicellulosic sugars from the Populus deltoides (poplar) lignocellulosic biomass were partially extracted keeping in mind that it does not affect the properties of paper beyond acceptable limits, further converting these extracted sugars by fermentation to bioethanol, followed by pulping the residual biomass and papermaking and determining pulping and papermaking properties. With the increasing demand for lignocellulosic biomass by various industries, an integrated biorefinery approach for maximum utilization of its chemical components with minimum degradation is necessary in the future. The maximum bioethanol yield was found to be 3.58 g/L. On manufactured paper sheets, the mechanical properties tensile index and tear index of pre-extracted biomass were observed as 19.23 Nm/g and 3.5 mNm2/g and slightly lower against the control 21.34 Nm/g and 4.0 mNm2/g. The main objective of the present study is to recover reducing sugars before the pulping process for bioethanol production and to further utilize the remaining residue for papermaking without disturbing its fiber integrity

Optimizacija kitozanskih filmova kao zamjena za životinjsku i humanu epidermu za in vitro permeaciju polarnih i nepolarnih lijekova

The present investigation is aimed at preparing chitosan films capable of simulating the flux of modal drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and indomethacin (INDO), across rat, rabbit and human cadaver epidermal sheets. Application of statistical design revealed that the concentration of chitosan, crosslinking time and concentration of crosslinking agent significantly influenced the in vitro flux of 5-FU and INDO across chitosan films. Multiple linear regression revealed a linear influence of all these active variables on 5-FU and INDO flux. It was deduced from atomic absorption spectroscopic analyses, DSC and IR spectroscopic data that 5% (m/V) sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) produced optimum crosslinking of chitosan films. The in vitro permeation of both 5-FU and INDO across optimized film formulations was found to be comparable to that obtained across rat, rabbit and human epidermal sheets. These results indicate that optimized chitosan films have a potential to be developed as a substitute for animal and human cadaver epidermal sheets for preliminary in vitro permeation studies.U radu je opisana priprava kitosanskih filmova pogodnih za simulaciju prijelaza modelnih lijekova, 5-fluorouracila (5-FU) i indometacina (INDO), kroz epidermalne slojeve štakora, zeca i čovjeka. Koncentracija kitosana, vrijeme umrežavanja i koncentracija reagensa za umrežavanje značajno su utjecale na in vitro prolaz 5-FU i INDO kroz kitosanske filmove. Multiplom linearnom regresijom pokazano je da sve navedene varijable imaju linearni utjecaj na prolaz 5-FU i INDO. Uz pomoć atomske apsorpcijske spektralne analize, DSC i IR spektroskopskih podataka zaključeno je da je 5%-tna (m/V) otopina natrijevog tripolifosfata (NaTPP) najoptimalnija za umrežavanje kitosanskih filmova. Pronađeno je da je in vitro permeacija 5-FU i INDO kroz optimiziranu formulaciju kitozanskog filma usporediva s permeacijom kroz epidermalne slojeve štakora, zeca i čovjeka. Rezultati upućuju da se optimizirani kitozanski filmovi mogu upotrijebiti kao nadomjestak animalne i humane epiderme u preliminarnim in vitro permeacijskim istraživanjima

Synthesis, Characterization and Ethanol Sensing Properties of Tin Oxide Nanostructures

One‐dimensional nanostructures of Tin oxide (SnO2) have been synthesized by thermal evaporation method with and with out a catalyst on silicon substrate. The nanostructure growth was carried out by using a mixture of SnO2 and graphite powders at a temperature of 1050C in nitrogen (N2) ambience. The synthesized SnO2 nanostructures show polycrystalline nature with tetragonal rutile structure. SEM investigation reveals wire‐like and rod‐shaped nanostructures on silicon substrate, with and without the gold catalyst layer respectively. EDX and TEM observation concludes that the uniform SnO2 nanowires (diameter ~ 25 nm and length ~ 50  μm) grow with vapor‐liquid‐solid (VLS) mechanism whereas, the SnO2 nanorods with varying diameter grow with vapor‐solid (VS) mechanism. UV‐ Vis spectra estimates that the optical band gaps of the SnO2 nanowires and nanorods were 3.92 eV and 3.67 eV respectively. As synthesized single SnO2 nanowire based gas sensor exhibit relatively good performance to ethanol gas. This sensing behaviour offers a suitable application of the SnO2 nanowire sensor for detection of ethanol gas. 

Integrated Architecture for Neural Networks and Security Primitives using RRAM Crossbar

This paper proposes an architecture that integrates neural networks (NNs) and hardware security modules using a single resistive random access memory (RRAM) crossbar. The proposed architecture enables using a single crossbar to implement NN, true random number generator (TRNG), and physical unclonable function (PUF) applications while exploiting the multi-state storage characteristic of the RRAM crossbar for the vector-matrix multiplication operation required for the implementation of NN. The TRNG is implemented by utilizing the crossbar's variation in device switching thresholds to generate random bits. The PUF is implemented using the same crossbar initialized as an entropy source for the TRNG. Additionally, the weights locking concept is introduced to enhance the security of NNs by preventing unauthorized access to the NN weights. The proposed architecture provides flexibility to configure the RRAM device in multiple modes to suit different applications. It shows promise in achieving a more efficient and compact design for the hardware implementation of NNs and security primitives

MemSPICE: Automated Simulation and Energy Estimation Framework for MAGIC-Based Logic-in-Memory

Existing logic-in-memory (LiM) research is limited to generating mappings and micro-operations. In this paper, we present~\emph{MemSPICE}, a novel framework that addresses this gap by automatically generating both the netlist and testbench needed to evaluate the LiM on a memristive crossbar. MemSPICE goes beyond conventional approaches by providing energy estimation scripts to calculate the precise energy consumption of the testbench at the SPICE level. We propose an automated framework that utilizes the mapping obtained from the SIMPLER tool to perform accurate energy estimation through SPICE simulations. To the best of our knowledge, no existing framework is capable of generating a SPICE netlist from a hardware description language. By offering a comprehensive solution for SPICE-based netlist generation, testbench creation, and accurate energy estimation, MemSPICE empowers researchers and engineers working on memristor-based LiM to enhance their understanding and optimization of energy usage in these systems. Finally, we tested the circuits from the ISCAS'85 benchmark on MemSPICE and conducted a detailed energy analysis.Comment: Accepted in ASP-DAC 202