Anatomy of a Spin: The Information-Theoretic Structure of Classical Spin Systems

Collective organization in matter plays a significant role in its expressed physical properties. Typically, it is detected via an order parameter, appropriately defined for each given system's observed emergent patterns. Recent developments in information theory, however, suggest quantifying collective organization in a system- and phenomenon-agnostic way: decompose the system's thermodynamic entropy density into a localized entropy, that solely contained in the dynamics at a single location, and a bound entropy, that stored in space as domains, clusters, excitations, or other emergent structures. We compute this decomposition and related quantities explicitly for the nearest-neighbor Ising model on the 1D chain, the Bethe lattice with coordination number k=3, and the 2D square lattice, illustrating its generality and the functional insights it gives near and away from phase transitions. In particular, we consider the roles that different spin motifs play (in cluster bulk, cluster edges, and the like) and how these affect the dependencies between spins.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures; http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/ising_bmu.ht

Some derivations among Logarithmic Space Bounded Counting Classes

In this paper we show derivations among logarithmic space bounded counting classes based on closure properties of $\#L$ that leads us to the result that $NL=C_=L\subseteq PL$.Comment: 3 page

PRELIMINARY IN VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF CADABA INDICA LAM ON CARRAGEENAN-INDUCED PAW EDEMA IN SWISS ALBINO RATS

ABSTRACTObjective: Among the invention of novel anti-inflammatory agents from modern research and drug development, the natural sources exist asevergreen to produce potential secondary metabolites that possess multiple efficacy against inflammatory mediators with no adverse reactions.Methods: Accordingly, Cadaba indica lam (Capparidaceae) produced the positive results for phenol, flavonoids, steroid, and saponins in preliminaryphytochemical screening and exhibited the potent anti-inflammatory activity (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg) by methanolic leaf extract against carrageenaninducedpawedemausing ratsindose-dependentmanner stayedcloser toreferencestandardindomethacin (25mg/kg)comparedtopetroleumetherandaqueous extract.Results: Thus, the plant C. indica lam might be considered to posses potential secondary metabolites against inflammatory agents and act as lead toisolation of novel therapeutic compounds.Conclusion: The phytochemical test indicates the presence of phenol, flavonoids, steroid, and saponins in leaf extract of C. indica may be known topossess anti-inflammatory property. The result of anti-inflammatory activity produced by the methanolic extract was threshold of isolation of biomolecules from the natural sources in diverse drug development in the near future being responsible for the pharmaceutical industries.Keywords: Preliminary phytochemical, Cadaba indica, Anti-inflammatory

Automatic Lighting Mechanism on Highways during Midnight

This paper presents the key points in implementing automatic lighting mechanism on highway roads with the help of moving object detection in urban cities during midnight. The objective of the object detection system will be to detect objects confined in a particular area. The detection system will thus require important information like speed of moving objects, size of objects and number of vehicles on the road. The lighting system is responsible for switching off the lights in a particular area where the object detection monitoring system evaluates to a minimum threshold value. The lighting system will be active 350m to direction of the object moving in a particular direction

A CONCEPT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUPRENORPHINE AUTOINJECTOR FOR SELF AND EMERGENCY ADMINISTRATION

Objective: In natural and man-made disasters, pain and infection would increase morbidity and mortality. In these situations immediate treatment is mandatory and the drug has to be absorbed faster. An auto injector would be useful. The objective of this study was to develop an analgesic auto injector with buprenorphine.Methods: The auto injector is a reusable device with a disposable drug cartridge, capable of injecting 1 or 2 ml of drug solution. Sterile water filled cartridges were made from a pharmaceutical company. Water was withdrawn from the cartridge under a laminar flow and buprenorphine hydrochloride was injected to make 0.05 mg/ml concentration. Sterility test was carried out before and after injecting buprenorphine in the cartridge by nutrient agar method and aerobic and anaerobic sterility test mediums. Buprenorphine was injected, intraperitoneally in rats through autoinjector and compared with manual injection for its efficacy as an analgesic using Eddy's hot plate.Results: The water filled cartridge as well as the buprenorphine drug filled cartridge was found to be sterile as no growth was observed in the nutrient agar and no turbidity was observed in the sterility test mediums. The analgesic effect of buprenorphine by autoinjector was found to be significantly (Kruskal Wallis ANOVA) more than manual injection and control group (median analgesic time in seconds, Control-4.0; manual injection–7.0; autoinjector–12.0).Conclusion: Water filled cartridge could be converted to drug filled cartridge aseptically. Buprenorphine administered through autoinjector was better as an analgesic than manual injection.Â

Contribution of microplankton and nannoplankton in the waters of a tropical estuary

Four different size groups of algae were sampled from Cochin Backwater by passing sea water through different grades of bolting nylon. C assimilation, chlorophyll (chl.) a concentration and cell numbers of each size group were determined throughout the year along with those of non-fractionated material. The contribution of nannoplankton, largely composed of diatoms, was found to be much greater than that of microplankton throughout the year. Pooled values of fractionated material agreed closely with those of non-fractionated material, but no regular seasonal trend was found in photosynthesis, chl. a and cell numbers of any size group. A greater dominance of nannoplankton as primary producers over microplankton seems relevant to food chain considerations, as filter-feeding larval stages are probably able to utilize nannoplankton more efficiently than microplankton

New Samarium and Neodymium based admixed ferromagnets with near zero net magnetization and tunable exchange bias field

Rare earth based intermetallics, SmScGe and NdScGe, are shown to exhibit near zero net magnetization with substitutions of 6 to 9 atomic percent of Nd and 25 atomic percent of Gd, respectively. The notion of magnetic compensation in them is also elucidated by the crossover of zero magnetization axis at low magnetic fields (less than 103 Oe) and field-induced reversal in the orientation of the magnetic moments of the dissimilar rare earth ions at higher magnetic fields. These magnetically ordered materials with no net magnetization and appreciable conduction electron polarization display an attribute of an exchange bias field, which can be tuned. The attractively high magnetic ordering temperatures of about 270 K, underscore the importance of these materials for potential applications in spintronics.Comment: 6 page text + 5 figure

Optical-phonon resonances with saddle-point excitons in twisted-bilayer graphene

Twisted-bilayer graphene (tBLG) exhibits van Hove singularities in the density of states that can be tuned by changing the twisting angle $\theta$. A $\theta$-defined tBLG has been produced and characterized with optical reflectivity and resonance Raman scattering. The $\theta$-engineered optical response is shown to be consistent with persistent saddle-point excitons. Separate resonances with Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering components can be achieved due to the sharpness of the two-dimensional saddle-point excitons, similar to what has been previously observed for one-dimensional carbon nanotubes. The excitation power dependence for the Stokes and anti-Stokes emissions indicate that the two processes are correlated and that they share the same phonon.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Investigation of novel high T<SUB>c</SUB> superconducting oxides

Our results of microscopic and macroscopic studies of novel high Tc superconductors are discussed. They permit a straightforward comparison of the nature of the superconductivity in 40 K range (La2CuO4 type) and 90 K range (YBa2Cu3O7type) superconductors