On Physical Disorder Based Hardware Security Primitives

With CMOS scaling extending transistors to nanometer regime, process variations from manufacturing impacts modern IC design. Fortunately, such variations have enabled an emerging hardware security primitive - Physically Unclonable Function. Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware primitives which utilize disorder from manufacturing variations for their core functionality. In contrast to insecure non-volatile key based roots-of-trust, PUFs promise a favorable feature - no attacker, not even the PUF manufacturer can clone the disorder and any attempt at invasive attack will upset that disorder. Despite a decade of research, certain practical problems impede the widespread adoption of PUFs. This dissertation addresses the important problems of (i) post-manufacturing testing, (ii) secure design and (iii) cost efficiency of PUFs. This is with the aim of making PUFs practical and also learning hardware design limitations of disorder based systems

On Improving Reliability of SRAM-Based Physically Unclonable Functions

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) have been touted for their inherent resistance to invasive attacks and low cost in providing a hardware root of trust for various security applications. SRAM PUFs in particular are popular in industry for key/ID generation. Due to intrinsic process variations, SRAM cells, ideally, tend to have the same start-up behavior. SRAM PUFs exploit this start-up behavior. Unfortunately, not all SRAM cells exhibit reliable start-up behavior due to noise susceptibility. Hence, design enhancements are needed for improving reliability. Some of the proposed enhancements in literature include fuzzy extraction, error-correcting codes and voting mechanisms. All enhancements involve a trade-off between area/power/performance overhead and PUF reliability. This paper presents a design enhancement technique for reliability that improves upon previous solutions. We present simulation results to quantify improvement in SRAM PUF reliability and efficiency. The proposed technique is shown to generate a 128-bit key in ≤0.2 μ\u27\u3eμμ s at an area estimate of 4538 μ\u27\u3eμμ m 2\u27\u3e22 with error rate as low as 10−6\u27\u3e10−610−6 for intrinsic error probability of 15%

Unveiling the benefits of traditional rice varieties: An in-depth review in relevance to nutritional and health security of India

India\u27s rich heritage of traditional rice varieties holds immense potential for enhancing nutritional and health security while ensuring sustainable rice productivity amid changing climatic conditions. These indigenous cultivars are naturally rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive compounds that contribute to disease prevention and overall well-being. Known for their remarkable adaptability, traditional rice varieties thrive in diverse climates, soil types and growth periods, demonstrating exceptional resilience to extreme weather conditions, pests and various environmental stresses. Additionally, these rice cultivars play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and supporting sustainable farming practices. This review highlights the immense significance of folk rice cultivars of India in ensuring long-term nutritional security, improving public health and augmenting the income of rice farmers by offering high-value produce. By integrating these traditional varieties into modern agricultural systems, their unique advantages can be harnessed to address food security concerns while promoting ecological balance and economic sustainability for farming communities across India

Population differentiation of Southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system

Christina J. Adler, Alan Cooper, Clio S.I. Der Sarkissian and Wolfgang Haak are contributors to the Genographic ConsortiumPrevious studies that pooled Indian populations from a wide variety of geographical locations, have obtained contradictory conclusions about the processes of the establishment of the Varna caste system and its genetic impact on the origins and demographic histories of Indian populations. To further investigate these questions we took advantage that both Y chromosome and caste designation are paternally inherited, and genotyped 1,680 Y chromosomes representing 12 tribal and 19 non-tribal (caste) endogamous populations from the predominantly Dravidian-speaking Tamil Nadu state in the southernmost part of India. Tribes and castes were both characterized by an overwhelming proportion of putatively Indian autochthonous Y-chromosomal haplogroups (H-M69, F-M89, R1a1-M17, L1-M27, R2-M124, and C5-M356; 81% combined) with a shared genetic heritage dating back to the late Pleistocene (10–30 Kya), suggesting that more recent Holocene migrations from western Eurasia contributed, <20% of the male lineages. We found strong evidence for genetic structure, associated primarily with the current mode of subsistence. Coalescence analysis suggested that the social stratification was established 4–6 Kya and there was little admixture during the last 3 Kya, implying a minimal genetic impact of the Varna(caste) system from the historically-documented Brahmin migrations into the area. In contrast, the overall Y-chromosomal patterns, the time depth of population diversifications and the period of differentiation were best explained by the emergence of agricultural technology in South Asia. These results highlight the utility of detailed local genetic studies within India, without prior assumptions about the importance of Varna rank status for population grouping, to obtain new insights into the relative influences of past demographic events for the population structure of the whole of modern India.GaneshPrasad ArunKumar, David F. Soria-Hernanz, Valampuri John Kavitha, Varatharajan Santhakumari Arun, Adhikarla Syama, Kumaran Samy Ashokan, Kavandanpatti Thangaraj Gandhirajan, Koothapuli Vijayakumar, Muthuswamy Narayanan, Mariakuttikan Jayalakshmi, Janet S. Ziegle, Ajay K. Royyuru, Laxmi Parida, R. Spencer Wells, Colin Renfrew, Theodore G. Schurr, Chris Tyler Smith, Daniel E. Platt, Ramasamy Pitchappan, The Genographic Consortiu

On Improving Reliability of SRAM-Based Physically Unclonable Functions

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) have been touted for their inherent resistance to invasive attacks and low cost in providing a hardware root of trust for various security applications. SRAM PUFs in particular are popular in industry for key/ID generation. Due to intrinsic process variations, SRAM cells, ideally, tend to have the same start-up behavior. SRAM PUFs exploit this start-up behavior. Unfortunately, not all SRAM cells exhibit reliable start-up behavior due to noise susceptibility. Hence, design enhancements are needed for improving reliability. Some of the proposed enhancements in literature include fuzzy extraction, error-correcting codes and voting mechanisms. All enhancements involve a trade-off between area/power/performance overhead and PUF reliability. This paper presents a design enhancement technique for reliability that improves upon previous solutions. We present simulation results to quantify improvement in SRAM PUF reliability and efficiency. The proposed technique is shown to generate a 128-bit key in ≤0.2 μ s at an area estimate of 4538 μ m 2 with error rate as low as 10 − 6 for intrinsic error probability of 15%

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SALUBRIOUS EFFECT OF SYRINGIC ACID ON APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN LUNG CARCINOMA A549 CELLS AND INSILICO ANALYSIS THROUGH DOCKING STUDIES

ObjectiveTo analyse the anticancer activity of Syringic acid (SA) in lung carcinoma a549 cell line and investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2 inhibition by molecular docking analysis. MethodsThe antiproliferative activity of SA was analysed by MTT assay. Apoptosis ratio of SA treated cells was detected by Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide staining. Nuclear morphology of SA treated cells was assessed by propidium iodode staining method. Molecular docking was done with Bcl-2 by Autodock4v4 of human origin and the interaction was studies using pymol.Results Preliminary study with MTT assay revealed that SA had cytotoxicity toward A549 lung cancer cells with an IC50 of 30µM. AO/EB staining and PI staining confirms that there is a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and nuclei respectively of SA treated cells. Further, molecular docking analysis revealed SA inhibited Bcl-2 with a binding score of –6.54 Kcal forming three Hydrogen bonds.ConclusionThese findings suggest that Syringic acid has potential therapeutic benefit and promises to be a weapon against lung cancer