Impact of mobility in ad hoc protocol design

Protocols in ad hoc networks are not designed with mobility in mind. Recent research reveals that mobility impacts all the layers of the protocol stack. Specifically, more realistic mobility models that are extracted from real user traces for the vehicular and pedestrian scenarios show that wireless nodes tend to cluster around popular locations. The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, it suggests cross layer design, as a promising approach, in designing ad hoc protocols with mobility in mind. Therefore, it provides a survey of the methodologies used in wireless cross layer studies. Second, it presents a framework for cross layer and flexible ad hoc protocol design, which integrates mobility into protocol design

Smart Agri Disease Detection of Black Gram Plant Leaf Using the Cloud-Based Yolov8 Intelligent System

Infectious diseases affecting plants can have a major negative impact on economic output. Phenotyping plants is an essential part of plant characterization for tracking plant development over time. The urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) causes crinkled leaf disease, a plant disease that mostly affects black gram (Vigna mungo), a significant pulse crop in India. Crinkled disease is devastating to crops and the agricultural economy as a whole, causing farmers to lose out on a lot of money and harvests. Plant diseases cost USD 220 billion annually, according to the FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization). The early and accurate diagnosis of a disease (ULCV) is crucial for any economy that relies on agriculture. computer vision and Image processing are among the many cutting-edge methods for detecting plant diseases early. Preprocessing images, segmenting those images, extracting features, and applying machine learning algorithms to diagnose diseases are all viable options. Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is used for feature extraction. One of the machine learning methods used for detection is YOLO, which is based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In other words, YOLO led to more reliable disease diagnosis

Photometric Titration of Se(IV) with Fe(II)*

364-36

Interaction of Oleate Molecules on Sillimanite and Garnet minerals.

Adsorption of oleate on sillimanite and garnet was studied using electrokinetic measurements. Both the systems exhibit a characteristic shift in iep by increasing the concentration of oleate in solution. This shift in iep has been quantified in terms of specific interaction between the surface sites and oleate molecules. The shift in iep was estimated separately for both the systems using the equation derived on the basis of electrical double layer theory. The specific free energy of adsorption was estimated to be 7.94 kcal/mole for sillimanite-oleate system and 7.49 kcal/mole for gamet-oleate system

Issues of Security in Routing Optimization at Mobile IPv6

Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (MIPv6) adds the mobility function toIPv6. An IPv6 host that supports the Mobile IPv6 function can move around theIPv6 Internet. A connection between two nodes is maintained by the pairing of thesource address and the destination address. The IPv6 node address is assigned basedon the prefix of home network. The assigned address on a given network becomes invalid when the host leaves that network and attaches itself to another network.The reason for this problem came from the nature of IP addresses when a node visits a foreign network: it is still reachable through the indirect packet forwarding from its home network. This triangular routing feature supports node mobility but increases the communication latency between nodes.So it can be supposed to be overcome by using a Binding Update (BU)scheme, which let nodes to update IP addresses and communicate with each other through direct IP routing. To protect the security of Binding Update, a Return Routability (RR) procedure is developed which results vulnerable to many attacks.In Route Optimization, the mobile node sends the binding message to its peer node,the message contains the new address of the mobile node, called as Care ofAddress, which confirms that the mobile node is infect moved to the new location from its Home Network. After receiving the binding message, the peer node sendsall packets which are destined to the Mobile's Home Address to the Care ofAddress.There are many security risks involved, when a malicious node might be able tocreate a connection with the mobile node by sending the false binding messages.By doing so malicious node can divert the traffic, can launch the DOS Attacks andcan also resend the authenticated messages, etc. So considering these securityissues, we will discuss for a secure protocol which prevents the attacker to establish false connections and assures the secrecy and integrity of the mobile node and its peers

Geochemical assessment of a siliceous limestone sample for cement making

A low grade siliceous limestone sample from the Jayantipuram mine of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been investigated for its suitability for cement making. Petrological as well as X-ray diffraction pattern studies indicated that the limestone sample was crystalline and dominantly composed of calcite and quartz. They are simple in mineralogy, and yet they have variable silica and lime contents. Geochemical analysis results of twenty five hand picked samples indicated that the limestone from the Jayantipuram mine shows a wide range of variations in LOI (29.94% to 40.64%), SiO2 (6.14% to 27.18%), CaO (37.93% to 50.78%), Al2O3 (0.49% to 2.27%) and Fe2O3 (0.28% to 2.4%). MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2 and MnO2 are present in traces. CaO with LOI shows a strong positive correlation where as CaO with SiO2 shows a strong negative correlation because of mineralogical factors. The chemical composition of the limestone reflects its mineralogical composition. The distribution of various elements in the acid-soluble fraction has been studied by the factor analysis method in order to interpret in terms of their mineralogy, sedimentary environment and diagenesis. Mineralogy, recrystallization and other diagenetic changes are the main factors affecting the distribution of the elements and their mutual relationships in the limestone. The aim of this paper is also to analyze how significantly the two parameters, silica modulus and lime saturation factor, influence this low grade siliceous limestone sample from the Jayantipuram mine of Andhra Pradesh, India, for the cement making process from the geochemical data

Development of cost-effective phasor measurement unit for wide area monitoring system applications

Sustained growth in the demand with unprecedented investments in the transmission infrastructure resulted in narrow operational margins for power system operators across the globe. As a result, power networks are operating near to stability limits. This has demanded the electrical utilities to explore new avenues for control and protection of wide area systems. Present supervisory control and data acquisition/energy management systems (SCADA/EMS) can only facilitate steady state model of the network, whereas synchrophasor measurements with GPS time stamp from wide area can provide dynamic view of power grid that enables supervision, and protection of power network and allow the operator to take necessary control/remedial measures in the new regime of grid operations. Construction of phasor measurement unit (PMU) that provide synchrophasors for the assessment of system state is widely accepted as an essential component for the successful execution of wide area monitoring system (WAMS) applications. Commercial PMUs comes with many constraints such as cost, proprietary hardware designs and software. All these constraints have limited the deployment of PMUs at high voltage transmission systems alone. This paper addresses the issues by developing a cost-effective PMU with open-source hardware, which can be easily modified as per the requirements of the applications. The proposed device is tested with IEEE standards

ROLE OF CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN ASSESSMENT OF DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS IN DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL – A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

In total of 173 prescriptions of the patient, the total number of 329 drug interactions (DIs) was found, in which the 240 interactions were found in male and 89 in the female bearing 72.90% and 27.10%, respectively. Patient was of various age groups, in which the maximum frequency was seen in the age group of 61–70 years having 105 interactions bearing the percentage of 31.9%. According to the participation of different age group of the male and female with their corresponding age. The participation of male is high having frequency of 240 (72.9%) than female participation of frequency 89 (27.1%). The participation of male in the age group of 61–70 years is 83 and the female is 40 in the age group of 51–60 years. Potential DIs (PDIs) were categorized based on the gender. In that compared to 13 (40.6) females, males 19 (59.4%) were found to have more PDIs. Our study is more PDIs in adult patients. Because in adults lacking of nutrition’s and in elderly patients multiple prescribers, multiple drugs and multiple diseases. The number of potential drug-DI (PDDI) increased with an increase in the number of drugs prescribed. The numbers of drug prescribed increase with age. This DI has a potential to increase or decrease the therapeutic effect or to increase the risk of adverse drug reaction. An increased awareness of PDDIs, rational coprescription of drugs, and a close monitoring of patients in whom these drugs are prescribed are recommended. The recommendation is based on the special monitoring and the perspiration of the clinical pharmacist. The DI observed in the geriatric patient is more severe and common in compared to the other groups of study. The geriatric patient is physiological disability in correspond with the first-pass metabolism and the presence of the other diseases which also enables the multiple prescriptions causing polypharmacy. The gender specification also the cause of the interaction, the female is more prone to the DI due to the hormonal distribution in the body and inability of the physiological function to absorb and the distribution. The special training should be provided to the pharmacist for looking forward of the geriatric patient and female patient. The training regarding the prescription their adherence, use, toxicity, and dosage regimen is being properly enabled in the training for the practical application. This study helps to know the different interaction related to the cardiovascular agent with own class of the drug and the other class of drugs used therapeutically to care the disease

Column flotation technology for the beneficiation of coking and non-coking coal fines

The importance of coal is bound to increase for the coming years with the growth of coal consuming industries. Power sector is the most potential consumer of the non-coking coal and for coking coal iron & steel sector remains the major consumer. In future, coal gasification which is successfully adopted in China, an advanced coal-based power generation technology has the potential to provide higher generating efficiency and can be adopted to efficiently burn India’s high-ash coals. In the present study investigations are carried out on coal fines for both coking and non coking coals by conventional and column flotation techniques to suit industrial applications. Coking coal sample is taken from Jamadoba area in Jharkhand and non-coking coal is drawn from coal belt in Central Coal Fields, Jharkhand. For both the coals detailed studies are in progress for optimizing the reagent consumption and to establish the feasibility of column flotation technology for producing low ash concentrates with reasonably high recoveries

Development, testing and plant trails of single reagent system for coal flotation

Flotation is an important means of upgrading the fine fraction of raw coal, typically particles finer than 0.5 mm. Due to increased use of highly mechanized mining techniques large quantities of fines (< 0.5 mm) are being generated. These fines presently account for approximately 20–30% of the total plant feed. More than 140 million tones of fine coals are beneficiated by flotation worldwide annually. In coal flotation, reagents are required to enhance the hydrophobicity of coal surface. In addition to hydrophobic character, the selectivity, proper froth structure, stability and less sensitive to water chemistry are important. Water insoluble hydrocarbons are widely used as collectors in coal flotation. These collectors are basically non-polar oils like diesel, kerosene, etc. along with some frothers. Thus, it is necessary to add collector and frother separately in coal flotation. It is generally accepted that in coal flotation a single reagent system is more advantageous than the present practice of two reagent system. National Metallurgical Laboratory is involved in the flotation of coal fines using alternative single collector systems to developed specially replace fuel oils and frothers. For this purpose NML has entered into an agreement with M/s Somu Organo-Chem Pvt. Ltd. (SOCPL) Bangalore, a leading reagent manufacturer. Under this collaboration M/s SOCPL developed reagents and NML evaluated their selectivity index and application in coal flotation. Among many reagents developed and evaluated one best reagent was selected and full scale plant trails were conducted. The paper deals with the results obtained with several reagents in the laboratory and the plant trails