Reduction of Foxp3+ Cells by Depletion with the PC61 mAb Induces Mortality in Resistant BALB/c Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are CD4+Foxp3+ cells that modulate autoimmune responses. Tregs have been shown to be also involved during the immune response against infectious agents. The aim of this work is to study the role of Tregs during the infection with the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Resistant BALB/c mice were injected with 200 μg of anti-CD25 mAb (clone PC61) and 2 days later they were infected with 20 cysts of the ME49 strain of T. gondii. We observed that depleted mice showed 50–60% mortality during the acute infection. When FACS analysis was carried out, we observed that although injection of PC61 mAb eliminated 50% of Tregs, infected-depleted mice showed a similar percentage of CD25+Foxp3− (activated T cells, Tact) to those observed in infected nondepleted animals, demonstrating that in our depletion/infection system, injection of PC61 mAb did not hamper T cell activation while percentage of Tregs was reduced by 75% 10 days post infection. We concluded that Tregs are essential during protection in the acute phase of T. gondii infection

Desarrollo de metodología específica para la enseñanza del proceso de diseño industrial dentro de la etapa de incubación

El presente artículo se propone reflexionar acerca del Desarrollo de Metodología específica para la enseñanza del proceso de diseño industrial dentro de la etapa de incubación. Partiendo desde el escaso desarrollo teórico con el cual nos encontramos en relación al contenido de carácter metodológico y epistemológico a nivel local y siendo poco habitual encontrarse con contenido actualizado, nuestra investigación apunta en pos de nuevas perspectivas, atendiendo cierta tradición de autores pre existentes. Por lo tanto, en esta presentación, queremos compartir la necesidad inminente de ampliar un aporte que comprenda los contenidos metodológicos directamente aplicados al proceso de diseño en la etapa de incubación y de modo simultáneo, re pensar las herramientas de carácter pedagógico. Este trabajo comprende la exposición de dos ejes a considerar de nuestra investigación: reelaborar nuevos contenidos metodológicos y construir herramientas críticas que aporten saberes actualizados.Facultad de Bellas Artes (FBA

Desarrollo de metodología específica para la enseñanza del proceso de diseño industrial dentro de la etapa de incubación

El presente artículo se propone reflexionar acerca del Desarrollo de Metodología específica para la enseñanza del proceso de diseño industrial dentro de la etapa de incubación. Partiendo desde el escaso desarrollo teórico con el cual nos encontramos en relación al contenido de carácter metodológico y epistemológico a nivel local y siendo poco habitual encontrarse con contenido actualizado, nuestra investigación apunta en pos de nuevas perspectivas, atendiendo cierta tradición de autores pre existentes. Por lo tanto, en esta presentación, queremos compartir la necesidad inminente de ampliar un aporte que comprenda los contenidos metodológicos directamente aplicados al proceso de diseño en la etapa de incubación y de modo simultáneo, re pensar las herramientas de carácter pedagógico. Este trabajo comprende la exposición de dos ejes a considerar de nuestra investigación: reelaborar nuevos contenidos metodológicos y construir herramientas críticas que aporten saberes actualizados.Facultad de Bellas Artes (FBA

Mineral status and interrelationship in soil, forage, and blood serum of horses in the rainy and dry seasons

The feeding and nutrition of livestock becomes less of an empirical endeavor when the information necessary to scientifically balance diets is available [1]. Equine performance is influenced by genetic, nutritional, health, and management factors. Thus, optimal nutrition is essential for a foal to achieve maximal performance. Likewise, nutrition is fundamental for husbandry purposes as several reproductive problems due to nutritional deficiencies have been identified [2].The objective was to evaluate the content of P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, and Mn in soil, forage, and serum of horses in several production units (PU) during rainy and dry seasons and predict their concentration in serum from their content in soil and forage. Soil and pastures were sampled in the dry (November–December) and in rainy seasons (June–July), and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 76 horses in both seasons at four PU. The experimental design was a completely random design within a 4 2 (PU season) factorial arrangement of treatments. Concentration of minerals in soil differed (P < .05) among PU, and contents of P, Ca, Mg, and K were low; Zn and Fe were high; and Cu and Mn were adequate. Mineral concentrations in forage differed among PU and season, and among PU within season (interaction P <.05). Contents of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, and Cu were low; Fe was high; and P, K, Se, and Mn adequate. The mineral concentration in equine blood serum differed (P <.05) among PU and season. Overall, there were deficiencies of P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, and Se, but adequate amounts of K, Zn, and Fe. There are imbalances of minerals in soil and forages which effected their concentration inequine blood

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery