The status and role of genetic diversity of trees for the conservation and management of riparian ecosystems: a European experts' perspective

Riparian vegetation supports high biodiversity providing many services and is, therefore, an important landscape element. Riparian ecosystems are subject to numerous pressures leading to population decline and genetic erosion of riparian plants. This may have cascading effects at various ecosystem levels, including decreasing ecosystem services, so identifying the current status of genetic diversity of riparian tree species is vital to improve the effectiveness of restoration efforts. We aimed to elicit expert views on the status and importance of genetic diversity of tree species, and conservation needs across European riparian ecosystems. Sharing of such information among researchers, managers and policymakers has the potential to enhance ecological restoration and management of riparian ecosystems. We identified experts in riparian genetic resources conservation and management across Europe. These included stakeholders with different perspectives, ranging from researchers to practitioners. We designed a set of questionnaires where our identified experts were asked to answer questions related to the status and conservation of genetic diversity of riparian tree species in their respective countries. Specifically, we asked about societal awareness, legislative tools, good practices and conservation or restoration projects accounting for intraspecific genetic diversity and differentiation of tree species in riparian ecosystems. Questionnaire responses were analysed and discussed in light of the scientific literature to define needs and priorities related to the management and conservation of genetic diversity of riparian tree species. The experts recognized that a combination of in situ and ex situ measures and/or integrative conservation of riparian ecosystems is the most appropriate option for conserving the genetic diversity of riparian tree species. Simultaneous application of conservation measures at the level of priority species, identified by experts, and protection of riparian areas are required. Synthesis and applications. This study revealed the importance of recognizing the ecological processes that shape the genetic diversity of riparian tree species in hydrographic networks (dendritic spatial configuration, specific patterns of gene flow among riparian populations, fragmentation of river by dams) but also the need to overcome socio-economic barriers, such as lack of policy priority, deficiency in funding and weak legislation framewor

Mandate of the Covenant problem in the reigns of kings Sennacherib and Esarhaddon (704-669 BC. M) مشكلة ولاية العهد في عهدي الملكين سنحاريب واسرحدون (704- 669 ق . م)

The mandate of the Covenant of important issues given by the Kings Assyrians attention and clear through careful selection of the crown prince during their lives, in order to avoid wrestling, which might occur between their children in order to ascend the throne of the Assyrian after their death, and despite what Attention and importance those kings gave to this matter, failure However, it was an ally of some of them, as is the case with all of the King (Sennacherib) (704-681 BC. m), and King (Esarhaddon) (680-669 BC. m), which they had set the young their children in the position of crown prince on others their children account older; because of their love to their children who are chosen in this position of love feelings , as submission to the wishes of (pure - Zakoto), the second wife and mother first

Main features of the molecular maps developed in <i>P</i> ×<i>canadensis</i> F₁ population.

<p>Main features of the molecular maps developed in <i>P</i> ×<i>canadensis</i> F₁ population.</p

Local genetic maps of the target region of <i>P</i>. <i>deltoides</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>nigra</i> and their alignment onto the scaffold 5 of <i>P</i>. <i>trichocarpa</i> v2.0.

<p>Alignment of SNPs with physical position on scaffold 5 of the <i>P</i>. <i>trichocarpa</i> genome with their position in the P. <i>deltoides</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>nigra</i> maps. Map distances in cM (Kosambi distances) are indicated on the left of the linkage groups (LGs). On the right of the LG are reported the SNP names, composed by a first number representing the number of scaffold conferred by RAPiD-seq genotyping and a second number identifying the physical position in bp of each SNP on the scaffold.</p

<i>Ph</i>. <i>passerinii</i> infection on <i>P</i>. <i>nigra</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>deltoides</i> and derived segregation population.

<p>(A) Aphid resistance test on the two parental lines (upper panel) and on some individuals of F₁ population belonging to infection classes 4, 2, 1 (lower panel, respectively from left to right). (B) Frequency distribution of the phenotypic classes in <i>P</i> ×<i>canadensis</i> F₁ population. The five resistance classes are plotted on the horizontal axis, while the vertical axis reports the number of clones in each class.</p

A summary of molecular markers reported in the two linkage maps.

<p>A summary of molecular markers reported in the two linkage maps.</p