Flight-call as species-specific signal in South American parrots and the effect of species relatedness in call similarity

Vocal communication is fundamental to regulate the social interactions in most gregarious species especially after dispersal movements for foraging or predator escape. A species common acoustic signal may be beneficial to group members and is especially critical in species that disperse large distances like parrots. In this study, we investigated whether parrots flight-calls carry species-specific characteristics and tested its variability within and across species. We also assessed the hypothesis of relationship between similarity in species flight-calls and phylogeny. We studied the flight-calls of 10 parrot species all occurring in Cerrado habitat in central Brazil. Our results show that, spectrum wise, there is not a discrete spectral partition between species flight-calls. Flight-calls are conservative within most of the species. Both spectral and temporal dimensions contribute to the difference between species. The species specificity of the calls was confirmed by cross correlation approach. Nevertheless, we found a difference in the call variability with some species exhibiting stereotyped calls (e.g. Amazona aestiva) while others exhibited variable calls (Brotogeris chiriri), suggesting that the function of the flight-call may differ between species, from conveying species signatures to more specific information like group or individual signature. As expected, closely related species have more similar calls. These results show that parrots flight-calls have species-specific characteristics. In some species, these calls can potentially be used in the maintenance of the group or could code other type of information, suggesting that flight-calls may play different roles depending of the species life history.FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Are communication activities shaped by environmental constraints in reverberating and absorbing forest habitats?

In the dense vegetation of temperate or tropical forests, communication processes are constrained by propagation-induced modifications of the transmitted sounds. The presence of leaves, trunks and branches induces important sound reverberation and absorption leading to diminution of the signal energy as well as qualitative modifications. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the different strategies used by birds to manage with these constraints. At the emitter's level, an adapted emission behavior which takes into account both the physical heterogeneities of the forest environment and the temporal variations of the acoustic constraints, is especially useful to control the active space of signaling. The coding of information into acoustic parameters that have different susceptibility to propagation constraints is also of great interest. At the receiver's level, an adaptive reception behavior (listening post) and a great tolerance to sound degradation during the decoding process are the keys to an optimal communication process.<br>Na vegetação densa das florestas temperadas ou tropicais, os processos de comunicação são limitados pelas modificações dos sons durante sua propagação. A presença de folhas, troncos e galhos produz uma importante reverberação e absorção do som, provocando uma diminuição da energia do sinal, assim como modificações qualitativas. O objetivo deste artigo é de revisar brevemente as diferentes estratégias usadas por aves para gerenciar essas limitações. Para o emissor, um comportamento de emissão adaptado tanto às heterogeneidades físicas do meio florestal, quanto às variações temporais das exigências acústicas, é particularmente útil para controlar o canal ativo de sinalização. A codificação da informação em parâmetros acústicos com diferentes sensibilidades às exigências de propagação é também de grande valia. Para o receptor, um comportamento adaptado (posto de escuta) e uma ampla tolerância à degradação sonora durante o processo de decodificação são as chaves para um processo de comunicação otimizado