Toxicity of synthetic and natural compounds on Tetranychus urticae and the predator Phytoseiulus macropilis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of synthetic and natural compounds on Tetranychus urticae and the predator Phytoseiulus macropilis. Mortality and growth rates of T. urticae and its predator were evaluated after applications of: abamectin, clofentezine, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, propargite, sulfur and spiromesifen, at their recommended concentrations; neem oils (Natuneem and Sempre Verde Killer Neem at 1%); and aqueous extracts at 10% of Dieffenbachia brasiliensis, Annona squamosa, Ruta graveolens, Agave angustifolia, Melia azedarach, Sonchus oleraceus, Mentha spicata x M. suaveolens, Allium cepa, Laurus nobilis, and Eucalyptus saligna. The acute toxicity and the influence of the compounds on the instantaneous growth rate of the mites were carried out in laboratory. Extracts of A. cepa, A. angustifolia, neem oil-based products, spiromesifen, propargite, fenpyroximate, abamectin and fenpropathrin caused mortality higher than 83% on T. urticae. Extract of A. angustifolia, Natuneem and clofentezine did not cause significant mortality rates on P. macropilis. Agave angustifolia and Natuneem did not affect significantly the growth rate of this predator. Propargite, fenpyroximate, abamectin, fenpropathrin, spiromesifen and extract of L. nobilis severely affected P. macropilis population

Prevalence Of Virulence Factors In Escherichia Coli Isolated From Healthy Animals And Water Sources In Brazil

The aim of this work was to verify the presence of seven virulence factors (ST, LT, eae, stx 1, stx 2, INV and EAEC) among Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy humans, bovines, chickens, sheep, pigs and goats, from two sewage treatment plants and from the TietêRiver. We have found a high prevalence of eae, stx 1 and stx 2 in ruminants. The EAEC gene was only found in humans and sewage. No strains presented ST, LT or INV. BOX-PCR fingerprints revealed a high diversity among the strains analysed and a non-clonal origin of strains that presented the same virulence factors. Therefore, we concluded that ruminants may constitute an important reservoir of most diarrheagenic E. coli in Brazil, except for EAEC strains. These results emphasize the importance of the identification of the animal source of fecal contamination for the correct water risk assessment. © IWA Publishing 2011.91138142Beutin, L., Stroeher, U.H., Manning, P., Isolation of enterohemolysin (Ehly2)-associated sequences encoded on temperate phages of Escherichia coli (1993) Gene, 132, pp. 95-99Brett, K.N., Ramachandran, V., Hornitzky, M.A., Bettelheim, K.A., Walker, M.J., Djordjevic, S.P., stx1 c is the most common Shiga-toxin 1 subtype among Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli isolates from sheep but not among isolates from cattle (2003) J. Clin. 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Effect Of Calendula Officinalis Cream On Achilles Tendon Healing

In recent years, the scientific community has undertaken research on plant extracts, searching for compounds with pharmacological activities that can be used in diverse fields of medicine. Calendula officinalis L. is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound healing properties when used to treat skin burns. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of C. officinalis on the initial phase of Achilles tendon healing. Wistar rats were separated in three groups: Calendula (Cal)-rats with a transected tendon were treated with topical applications of C. officinalis cream and then euthanized 7 days after injury; Control (C)-rats were treated with only vehicle after transection; and Normal (N)-rats without tenotomy. Higher concentrations of hydroxyproline (an indicator of total collagen) and non-collagenous proteins were observed in the Cal group in relation to the C group. Zymography showed no difference in the amount of the isoforms of metalloproteinase-2 and of metalloproteinase-9, between C and Cal groups. Polarization microscopy images analysis showed that the Cal group presented a slightly higher birefringence compared with the C group. In sections of tendons stained with toluidine blue, the transected groups presented higher metachromasy as compared with the N group. Immunocytochemistry analysis for chondroitin-6-sulfate showed no difference between the C and Cal groups. In conclusion, the topical application of C. officinalis after tendon transection increases the concentrations of collagen and non-collagenous proteins, as well as the collagen organization in the initial phase of healing. Anat Rec, 298:428-435, 2015.2982428435Aiyegbusi, A.I., Duru, F.I., Awelimobor, D., Noronha, C.C., Okanlawon, A.O., The role of aqueous extract of pineapple fruit parts on the healing of acute crush tendon injury (2010) Nig Q J Hosp Med, 20, pp. 223-227Aiyegbusi, A.I., Olabiyi, O.O., Duru, F.I., Noronha, C.C., Okanlawon, A.O., A comparative study of the effects of bromelain and fresh pineapple juice on the early phase of healing in acute crush Achilles tendon injury (2011) J Med Food, 14, pp. 348-352Aro, A.A., Nishan, U., Perez, M.O., Rodrigues, R.A., Foglio, M.A., Carvalho, J.E., Gomes, L., Pimentel, E.R., Structural and biochemical alterations during the healing process of tendons treated with Aloe vera (2012) Life Sci, 91, pp. 885-893Aro, A.A., Simões, G.F., Esquisatto, M.A.M., Foglio, M.A., Carvalho, J.E., Oliveira, A.L.R., Gomes, L., Pimentel, E.R., Arrabidaea chica extract improves gait recovery and changes collagen content during healing of the Achilles tendon of rats (2013) Injury, 44, pp. 884-892Bradford, M.M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Anal Biochem, 72, pp. 248-254Branford, O.A., Klass, B.R., Grobbelaar, A.O., Rolfe, K.J., The growth factors involved in flexor tendon repair and adhesion formation (2014) J Hand Surg Eur, 39, pp. 60-70Chandran, P.K., Kutton, R., Effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract on acute phase proteins, antioxidant defense mechanism and granuloma formation during thermal burns (2008) J Clin Biochem Nutr, 43, pp. 58-64Da Re Guerra, F., Vieira, C.P., Almeida, M.S., Oliveira, L.P., Claro, A.C.F., Simões, G.F., Oliveira, A.L.R., Pimentel, E.R., Pulsed LLLT improves tendon healing in rats: a biochemical, organizational, and functional evaluation (2014) Lasers Med Sci, 29, pp. 805-811Della, L.R., Della, L.R., Tubaro, A., Sosa, S., Becker, H., Saar, S., Isaac, O., The role of triterpenoids in topical anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis flowers (1994) Planta Med, 60, pp. 516-520Della, L.R., Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis extracts (1990) Planta Med, 56, pp. 658-658Elfenbein, A., Simons, M., Auxiliary and autonomous proteoglycan signaling networks (2010) Methods Enzymol, 480, pp. 3-31Farndale, R.W., Buttle, D.J., Barret, A.J., Improved quantitation and discrimination of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by use of dimethylmethyleneblue (1986) Biochim Biophys Acta, 883, pp. 173-177Fronza, M., Heinzmann, B., Hamburger, M., Laufer, S., Merfort, I., Determination of the wound healing effect of Calendula extracts using the scratch assay with 3T3 fibroblasts (2009) J Ethnopharmacol, 126, pp. 463-467Gazim, Z.C., Rezende, C.M., Fraga, S.R., Svidzinski, T.E., Cortez, D.G., Antifungal activity of the essential oil from Calendula officinalis l. (Asteraceae) growing in Brazil (2008) Braz J Microbiol, 39, pp. 61-63Gulotta, L.V., Chaudhury, S., Wiznia, D., Stem cells for augmenting tendon repair (2012) Stem Cells Int, (2012), p. 291431Heinergård, D., Sommarin, Y., Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans (1987) Methods Enzymol, 144, pp. 319-373Houghton, P., Mensah, A.Y., Hensel, A., Deters, A.M., In vitro tests and ethnopharmacological investigations: wound healing as an example (2005) J Ethnopharmacol, 100, pp. 100-107Iauk, L., Lo-Bue, A.M., Milazzo, I., Rapisarda, A., Blandino, G., Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against periodontopathic bacteria (2003) Phytother Res, 17, pp. 599-604Kiernan, J.A., (1981) Histological and histochemical methods. Theory and practice, pp. 81-82. , 3rd ed. England: Pergamon PressKlouchek-Popova, E., Popov, A., Pavlova, N., Krusteva, S., Influence of the physiological regeneration and epithelialization using fractions isolated from Calendula officinalis (1982) Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg, 8, pp. 63-67Lin, L.T., Liu, L.T., Chiang, L.C., Lin, C.C., In vitro antihepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines from Canada (2002) Phytother Res, 16, pp. 440-444Liu, B., Luo, C., Ouyang, L., Mu, S., Zhu, Y., Li, K., Zhan, M., Lei, W., An experimental study on the effect of safflower yellow on tendon injury-repair in chickens (2011) J Surg Res, 169, pp. e175-e184Maffulli, N., Ewen, S.W., Waterston, S.W., Reaper, J., Barrass, V., Tenocytes from ruptured and tendinopathic Achilles tendons produce greater quantities of type III collagen than tenocytes from normal Achilles tendons. An in vitro model of human tendon healing (2000) Am J Sports Med, 28, pp. 499-505Maffulli, N., Moller, H.D., Evans, C.H., Tendon healing: can it be optimised? (2002) Br J Sports Med, 36, pp. 315-316Manning, C.N., Havlioglu, N., Knutsen, E., Sakiyama-Elbert, S.E., Silva, M.J., Thomopoulos, S., Gelberman, R.H., The early inflammatory response after flexor tendon healing: a gene expression and histological analysis (2014) J Orthop Res, 32, pp. 645-652Mello, M.L.S., Vidal, B.C., Experimental tendon repair: glycosaminoglycan arrangement in newly synthesized collagen fibers (2003) Cell Mol Biol, 49, pp. 579-585Molloy, T., Wang, Y., Murrell, G., The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing (2003) Sports Med, 33, pp. 381-394Muley, B.P., Khadabadi, S.S., Banarase, N.B., Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): a review (2009) Trop J Pharm Res, 8, pp. 455-465Nandini, C.D., Itoh, N., Sugahara, K., Novel 70-kDa chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains with a unique heterogenous sulfation pattern from shark skin, which exhibit neuritogenic activity and binding activities for growth factors and neurotrophic factors (2005) J Biol Chem, 280, pp. 4058-4069Oryan, A., Moshiri, A., A long term study on the role of exogenous human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor on the superficial digital flexor tendon healing in rabbits (2011) J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 11, pp. 185-195Popovic, M., Kaurinovic, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Vojinovic-Miloradov, M., Cupic, V., Combined effects of plant extracts and xenobiotics on liposomal lipid peroxidation. 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Serogroups And Virulence Genes Of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Psittacine Birds

Escherichia coli isolates from 24 sick psittacine birds were serogrouped and investigated for the presence of genes encoding the following virulence factors: attaching and effacing (eae), enteropathogenic E. coli EAF plasmid (EAF), pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S fimbriae (sfa), afimbrial adhesin (afa), capsule K1 (neu), curli (crl, csgA), temperature--sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin-1 (astA), heat--stable enterotoxin -1 heat labile (LT) and heat stable (STa and STb) enterotoxins, Shiga-like toxins (stx1 and stx2), cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1), haemolysin (hly), aerobactin production (iuc) and serum resistance (iss). The results showed that the isolates belonged to 12 serogroups: O7; O15; O21; O23; O54; O64; O76; O84; O88; O128; O152 and O166. The virulence genes found were: crl in all isolates, pap in 10 isolates, iss in seven isolates, csgA in five isolates, iuc and tsh in three isolates and eae in two isolates. 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Características do sêmen de tambaqui (colossoma macropomum) em latitude equatorial #

The Amazonian fish known as tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) is a osseous fish and has high commercial value because of its meat quality and for recreational fishing. Tambaqui is one of the major species in the Amazon basin and found in most rivers and surroundings of Manaus city (Silva et al., 1984). The present study was carried out to evaluate sperm parameters from tambaqui, subjected or not to hormone treatment for a period of 12 months. We used 26 males with three years of age, raised at the Aquaculture Research Center of the National Department for Drought Control (DNOCS). Animals were identified with magnetic chips and divided into two groups: controls (NI) and hormone-treated (I), which received 2 mg of carp pituitary extract (CPEkg -1 ) of body weight (via intra celomic). Se- men was collected 14 hours after hormonal induction and the following parameters evaluated: volume, pH, osmolarity and sperm concentration. Fishes had body weight of 5410 g, with total length and standard length of 68 cm and 59.17 cm, respectively. In the case of hormone-treated and control animals, we found the following criteria, respectively: semen volume of 5.05 mL and 0.55 mL (p<0.05); pH of 8.21 and 8.09; osmolarity of 320.51 and 323 mOsm/kg; sperm concentration of 22.93 x 10 9 and 40.46 x 10 9 sptz/mL (p<0,05). Total sperm productions were quantified as 115.79 x 10 9 sperm/mL in treated fishes and 22.25 x 10 9 sperm/mL in the controls. We conclude that treatment of adult tambaqui with carp pituitary extract increase semen volume but reduces sperm concentration while had no effect on sperm osmolarity and pH.O tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) é uma espécie de teleósteo da bacia amazônica e abundante naquela região, de alto valor comercial e forte apelo culinário e esportivo sendo uma das principais espécies amazônicas com larga distribuição nos rios e nas áreas próxi- mas a Manaus (Silva et al., 1984) Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características espermáticas do sêmen de tambaqui com e sem indução hormonal por um período de doze meses. Utilizou-se 26 machos com idade média de três anos, pertencentes ao Centro de Pesquisas em Aquicultura (CPAq) do Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra às Secas (DNOCS), devidamente identificados com chips magnéticos. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: induzidos (I) e não induzidos (NI). Os animais do grupo I receberam 2 mg de extrato de pituitária de carpa (EPC -1 ) por kg de peso vivo (PV), via intra celomática. O sêmen foi coletado após 14 horas através de massagem abdominal. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: volume, pH, osmolaridade e concentração espermática. Os peixes apresentaram peso médio de 5410 g, comprimento total de 68 cm e comprimento padrão de 59,17 cm. Para os grupos I e NI foram observa- dos respectivamente: volume médio de 5,05 mL e 0,55 mL (p<0,05); pH médio de 8,21 e 8,09; osmolaridade média de 320,51 e 323 mOsm/kg e concentração espermática média de 22,93 x 10 9 e 40,46 x 10 9 sptz/mL (p<0,05). A produção espermática total foi de 115,79 x 10 9 sptz/mL no grupo I sendo de 22,25 x 10 9 sptz/mL no grupo NI. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores obtidos de osmolaridade e pH dos indivíduos induzidos e não induzidos. No entanto, a concentração espermática e o volume no grupo induzido apresentaram valores significativamente superiores (p<0,05) comparado aos indivíduos não induzidos