Diversidade larval de plerocercóides (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) em Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 (Perciformes: Trichiuridae) do litoral do estado do Rio De Janeiro, Brasil

The life cycle of tetraphyllid cestodes is complex, involving plerocercoid larvae that can utilize teleost fish as a second intermediate host or paratenic host, in which they can exhibit a diversity of plerocercoid larvae. The objective of this study is the morphological characterization of tetraphyllid plerocercoids in Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 from the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In July 2018, 33 specimens of T. lepturus were obtained from professional fishermen, captured near the Cagarras archipelago (23°1'52"S, 43°11'56"W), state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The hosts were weighed, measured, and subjected to necropsies under a stereoscopic microscope for the collection of plerocercoids. The collected specimens were fixed and prepared following traditional helminthological techniques. Morphological and morphometric studies of the parasites were conducted, considering size, body shape, and characteristics of the scolex and botridia. Four morphotypes of plerocercoids were identified: Morphotype I corresponds to the genus Phoreiobothrium Linton, 1889, Morphotype II to Triloculatum Caira& Jensen, 2009, and Morphotype IV to the genus Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850. Morphotype III belongs to Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889, Caulobothrium Baer, 1849, or Rhabdotobothrium Euzet, 1953. The morphological richness of plerocercoids in T. lepturus indicates the ecological importance of this host for the life cycle of tetraphyllids on the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro. An identification key for the plerocercoid morphotypes of T. lepturus was also proposed.El ciclo de vida de los cestodos tetrafílidos es complejo, con larvas plerocercoides que pueden utilizar peces teleósteos como segundo hospedador intermediario uhospedador paraténico, en los cuales pueden presentar una diversidad de larvas plerocercoides. El objetivo de este trabajo es la caracterización morfológica de los plerocercoides de tetrafílidos en Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 de la costa del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. En julio de 2018, se adquirieron 33 especímenes de T. lepturus de pescadores profesionales, capturados cerca del archipiélago de Cagarras (23°1'52"S, 43º11'56"O), estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Los hospedadores fueron pesados, medidos y se realizaron necropsias con microscopio estereoscópico para la recolección de los plerocercoides. Los especímenes recolectados fueron fijados y preparados siguiendo técnicas helmintológicas tradicionales. Los estudios morfológicos y morfométricos de los parásitos se realizaron considerando el tamaño, la forma del cuerpo y las características del escólex y los botridios. Se identificaron cuatro morfotipos de plerocercoides: el Morfotipo I corresponde al género Phoreiobothrium Linton, 1889, el Morfotipo II a Triloculatum Caira & Jensen, 2009, y el Morfotipo IV al género Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850. El Morfotipo III pertenece a Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889, Caulobothrium Baer, 1849 o Rhabdotobothrium Euzet, 1953. La riqueza morfológica de los plerocercoides en T. lepturus señala la importancia ecológica de este hospedador para el ciclo de vida de los tetrafílidos en la costa del estado de Río de Janeiro. También se propuso una clave de identificación para los morfotipos de plerocercoides de T. lepturus.O ciclo de vida dos cestóides tetrafilídeos é complexo, com larvas plerocercóides podendo utilizar peixes teleósteos como segundo hospedeiro intermediário ou hospedeiro paratênico, nos quais podem apresentar uma diversidade de larvas plerocercóides. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a caracterização morfológica dos plerocercoides de   tetrafilídeos em Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Em julho de 2018, 33 espécimes de T. lepturus foram adquiridos de pescadores profissionais, pescados nas proximidades do arquipélago das Cagarras (23°1’52”S, 43º11’56”O), estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os hospedeiros foram pesados, medidos e as necrópsias foram realizadas em microscópio estereoscópio para a coleta dos plerocercóides. Os espécimes coletados foram fixados e preparados de acordo com técnicas helmintológicas tradicionais. Os estudos morfológicos e morfométricos dos parasitos foram realizados considerando o tamanaho, formato do corpo e características do escólex e dos botrídios. Quatro morfotipos de plerocercóides foram verificados: Morfotipo I corresponde ao gênero Phoreiobothrium Linton, 1889, o Morfotipo II, a Triloculatum Caira & Jensen, 2009, e o Morfotipo IV ao gênero Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850. O Morfotipo III pertence a Rhinebothrium Linton, 1889, Caulobothrium Baer, 1849 ou Rhabdotobothrium Euzet, 1953. A riqueza morfológica de plerocercóides em T. lepturus, aponta a importância ecológica desse hospedeiro para o ciclo de vida dos tetrafilídeos do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Também foi proposta uma chave de identificação, para os morfotipos de plerocercóides de T. lepturus

Occurrence of Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) minutus (Schneider, 1866) (Nematoda, Oxyuridae) in Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940 (Primates, Atelidae) in Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study aims to register the occurrence of Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) minutus in Alouatta guariba clamitans, in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Two specimens of A. guariba clamitans, died accidentally, have been necropsied for parasito-logical studies. Only the large intestine and caecum were infected by T. minutus. The parasitism intensity was 6650 parasites and the density was 2.6 parasites/cm3 of large intestine. In the caecum, the mean intensity was 6753 ± 490.73 parasites, with mean density of 6.23 ± 5.13 parasites/cm3. The present study supplies information on adult nematodes biometry and this is the first record of T. (T.) minutus in A. guariba clamitans from Minas Gerais State, Brazil.Este trabalho teve como objetivo registrar a ocorrência de Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) minutus em Alouatta guariba clamitans no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e fornecer dados quantitativos sobre as infrapopulações desses nematoides, além de dados morfológicos e biométricos de machos e fêmeas. Dois espécimes de A. guariba clamitans, mortos acidentalmente, foram necropsiados, visando aos estudos parasitológicos. Apenas o intestino grosso e o ceco estavam parasitados por T. (T.) minutus. A intensidade do parasitismo no intestino grosso foi de 6650 parasitos e a densidade de 2,6 parasitos/cm3 de intestino. No ceco, observou-se uma intensidade média de 6.753 ± 490,73 parasitos, com uma densidade média de 6,23 ± 5,13 parasitos/cm3. O presente trabalho fornece informações sobre a biometria dos adultos de T. (T.) minutus nessa espécie de hospedeiro, e se constitui no primeiro registro dessa espécie em A. guariba clamitans em Minas Gerais, Brasil

Protocolos de medicação pré e pós-operatória para cobertura radicular combinada com enxerto de tecido conjuntivo.

This trial evaluated the preemptive and postoperative effect of dexamethasone and ibuprofen on prevention of pain/discomfort, edema and interference in daily life in patients undergoing root coverage combined with subepithelial connective tissue graft (CAF + CTG). Twenty patients were randomly assigned as follows: NSAID Group: 400mg Ibuprofen 60 min preemptive + 400mg Ibuprofen postoperative; or SAID Group: 4mg Dexamethasone 60 min preemptive + 4mg Dexamethasone postoperative. The postoperative medication was administered 8 and 16 h post-surgery. Each patient received questionnaires based on a numeric scale (101-point numeric scale rate [NRS-101]) and multiple choice questions (four-point verbal rating scale [VRS-4]) about trans-operative pain/discomfort, hourly for 8 h after surgery and once a day for three days. A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for edema and interference in daily life during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 7th day was also answered. The degree of anxiety was rated statistically by the Chi-square test. The Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests were used for the other questionnaires. The surgery time and number of analgesic pills consumed were compared using Student’s t-test. Patients who used dexamethasone presented a trend toward less pain when compared to individuals who ingested ibuprofen, with a significant difference observed 3 h after the procedure (p<0.05). The use of dexamethasone also promoted less edema until the 2nd day and lower interference in daily life on the third day when compared with ibuprofen (p<0.05). We concluded that the use of dexamethasone as a preemptive and postoperative medication was more suitable as a drug therapeutic protocol for CAF + CTG.Este estudo avaliou o efeito pré e pós-operatório de dexametasona e ibuprofeno na prevenção de dor / desconforto, edema e interferência na vida diária em pacientes submetidos à cobertura radicular combinada com enxerto de tecido conjuntivo subepitelial (CAF + CTG). Vinte pacientes foram aleatoriamente designados da seguinte forma: Grupo AINE: 400mg de ibuprofeno 60 min preemptivo + 400mg de ibuprofeno no pós-operatório; ou Grupo SAID: 4mg de dexametasona 60 min preemptiva + 4mg de dexametasona pós-operatória. A medicação pós-operatória foi administrada 8 e 16 horas após a cirurgia. Cada paciente recebeu questionários com base em uma escala numérica (escala numérica de 101 pontos [NRS-101]) e questões de múltipla escolha (escala de avaliação verbal de quatro pontos [VRS-4]) sobre dor / desconforto transoperatório, de hora em hora para 8 h após a cirurgia e uma vez por dia durante três dias. Também foi respondida a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) para edema e interferência na vida diária durante o 1º, 2º, 3º e 7º dia. O grau de ansiedade foi avaliado estatisticamente pelo teste Qui-quadrado. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e Friedman foram usados ​​para os demais questionários. O tempo de cirurgia e o número de comprimidos analgésicos consumidos foram comparados usando o teste t de Student. Pacientes que fizeram uso de dexametasona apresentaram tendência a menos dor quando comparados aos indivíduos que ingeriram ibuprofeno, com diferença significativa observada três horas após o procedimento (p <0,05). O uso de dexametasona também promoveu menos edema até o 2º dia e menor interferência na vida diária no terceiro dia quando comparado ao ibuprofeno (p <0,05)

High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Markers of Oxidative Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Individuals With Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Background: The excess body fat characteristic of obesity is related to various metabolic alterations, which includes insulin resistance (IR). Among the non-pharmacological measures used to improve insulin sensitivity are aerobic physical training, such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study investigated the effects of 8 weeks of HIIT on blood and skeletal muscle markers related to IR and oxidative metabolism in physically inactive individuals with obesity and compared the changes between insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant phenotypes.Methods: Initially to investigate the effect of obesity and IR in the analyzed parameters, insulin-sensitive eutrophic volunteers (CON; n = 9) and obese non-insulin (OB; n = 9) and insulin-resistant (OBR; n = 8) were enrolled. Volunteers with obesity completed 8 weeks of HIIT in a cycle ergometer. Venous blood and vastus lateralis muscle samples were obtained before and after the HIIT. Body composition and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were estimated before and after HIIT.Results: HIIT reduced IR assessed by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in OBR (4.4 ± 1.4 versus 4.1 ± 2.2 μU L−2), but not in OB (HOMA-IR 1.8 ± 0.5 versus 2.3 ± 1.0 μU L−2) volunteers. HIIT increased VO2peak with no change in body fat in both groups. In skeletal muscle, HIIT increased the phosphorylation of IRS (Tyr612), Akt (Ser473), and increased protein content of β-HAD and COX-IV in both groups. There was a reduction in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in OBR after HIIT.Conclusion: Eight weeks of HIIT increased the content of proteins related to oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle of individuals with obesity, independent of changes total body fat

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

New morphological data on Cucullanus pinnai pinnai (Nematoda) parasitizing Pimelodus maculatus (Pimelodidae) in southeastern Brazil

This paper describes the morphology of Cucullanus pinnai pinnai parasitizing Pimelodus maculatus in the Guandu River, Brazil, based on differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), providing new morphological data about this species of parasite. Nematodes were collected between May and October 2012 from specimens of Pimelodus maculatus in the Guandu River (22°48’2”S, 43°37’35”W), in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Some characteristics of specimens of Cucullanus in this study fall within the range of morphological variations of previously studied C. pinnai pinnai. Most of the specimens studied here had excretory pore and deirids located at the posterior end of the oesophagus, a feature not recorded in previous studies of this species. In addition, the size of the gubernaculum was larger than the other specimens previously studied. The SEM and DIC analyses of C. pinnai revealed several morphological details of the cephalic region and the tail papillae. With regard to the polymorphism of C. pinnai, morphological and genetic studies of this cucullanid nematode are needed, involving large numbers of host species and a wide geographical distribution

Parasite community of Pagrus pagrus(Sparidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: evidence of temporal stability

One hundred specimens of Pagrus pagrus were necropsied for parasitological study between January and February 2012. These data were compared with data from 90 specimens that had been examined in the year 2000. The fish were collected from Cabo Frio (21-23 ° S, 41-45 ° W), in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the current study a total of 19 parasite species were collected. Sixteen of these were collected in the samples of both 2012 and 2000, thus totaling 25 parasite species in the two studies. All the results were similar to those of the previous study with regard to: dominance of anisakid nematode larvae; correlation between abundance of parasites and host body size; absence of correlations between the size of parasite infrapopulations and host sex; and scarcity of interspecific associations. The only difference between the studies was in the abundance values for Anisakidae, which could be correlated with the seasonal factor of the collection period, which was concentrated in the summer. This is also the period of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) phenomenon, during which there is greater host reproductive activity. Therefore, significant stability of the metazoan community structure of P. pagrus was shown