A comparative pharmaceutical and analytical study of Shirisharishta prepared by Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha

Shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck Benth.) is well known classical drug used for the treatment of various types of diseases such as Shwasa, Kasa, Shosh etc. In this study 3 different sample of Shirisharista prepared from 3 different main ingredient Twak Sara and Kastha along with herbs like Pippali Priyangu etc. Shirisharishta is one such formulation mentioned under Visha Chikitsa, which is in use as a mode of Shaman Chikitsa. The reference of this Yoga is adopted from Bhaishajya Ratnavali. To formulate Shirisharista from Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha and evaluate their pharmaceutical and analytical characteristics. Shirisharishta was prepared from Twak Sara and Kastha of A. lebbeck. Organoleptic characterization pH, specific gravity, total solid content, alcohol content and TLC profile of the prepared 3 samples were determined. Heartwood is the best part of use of A. lebbeck for preparation of Shirisharishta

Improving the Adhesion of Glass/Polypropylene (Glass/PP) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Surfaces by Open Air Plasma Treatment

The objective of this study is to investigate the bonding between glass reinforced polypropylene (glass-PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces. These materials present low surface energy and surface adhesion problems. The atmospheric plasma treatment process enhances the adhesion between glass-PP and HDPE surfaces by increasing their surface energies. In this work, glass-PP and HDPE were subjected to the atmospheric/air plasma treatment by varying different parameters such as plasma intensity and number of treatments. Optimal plasma treatment conditions were then determined based on the bond strength between the surfaces after plasma treatment. Also, characterization techniques such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) and surface energy determination via wettability inks were performed to understand the surface modification and chemical changes after plasma treatment. Furthermore, the effect of plasma treatment on glass/PP surface versus a neat PP surface was characterized to understand the effect of plasma treatment on fiber reinforced polymer versus neat polymer. The improvement of bond strength in glass/PP- HDPE panels was found to be higher than neat PP (neat Polypropylene)-HDPE panels. The G1c (Mode 1 interlaminar fracture toughness) value of glass/PP- HDPE panels increase from 0.1 N/mm to 5.5 N/mm whereas, the G1c value of neat PP- HDPE panels increase from 0.4 N/mm to 2.8 N/mm

TOTAL QUALITY UALITY MANAGEMENT PADA CV. CABAI MERAH DI DESA SUKOHARJO KECAMATAN NGAGLIK KABUPATEN ERAH DI DESA SUKOHARJO KECAMATAN NGAGLIK KABUPATEN DI DESA SUKOHARJO KECAMATAN NGAGLIK KABUPATEN SLEMAN

Total Quality Management of CV. Cabai Merah in the Village Sukoharjo Ngaglik, Sleman regency. Under direction by TEGUH KISMANTOROADJI and VINI ARUMSARI. This research purposed to identify the problems faced by CV. Cabai Merah in implementing total quality management, analyze the success of the application of Total Quality Management chili on the CV. Cabai Merah. The basic method used was descriptive method. The method of determining location using the case study method. The method to take the respondents was census method. Kinds of data used are primary data and secondary data. Sources of data obtained from the company's CV. Cabai Merah, literature studies and other agencies associated with the research. The data were collection through interviews, observation, recording and questioner. In identifying the existing problem, the research use the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. We can see the application of Total Quality Management chilli in this company with the indicators of Total Quality Management activities. The result of this research showed that the main problem in the company is the sorting and grading on handling process activities and the cause of the problem who to be a priority is human resources. Application of Total Quality Management chili on the CV. Cabai Merah is success but there are indicator that less applied, it is the empowerment of employees. keywords : Total Quality Management,Curly Red Chilli Pepper, AHP

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF C-KIT IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA PATIENTS IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATIONS

Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the C-Kit expression and also to assess the relationship with various clinicopathological characteristics in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.Methods: A total number of 102 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded retrospective tissue samples were collected, in which (n =84) were histologically confirmed for OSCC, oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) (n=9), and control group (n=10) and studied immunohistochemically. The baseline characters and the correlation between the protein expression and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. The survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier Survival Method.Results: OSCC exhibited C-Kit protein expression positivity of 6% and OED with 11.11% with no expression of this protein in control patients. Overall survival analysis showed that patients with negative expression had a better survival than patients with positive expression. However, we found that expression pattern of C-kit did not correlate with various clinicopathological characteristics.Conclusion: Vast amount of study has to be still performed to under the mechanism of OSCC in C-KIT Expression to enhance the prognosis of OSCC patients in the near future

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF GRACILARIA

Objective: In the present investigation an attempt was made to examine the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extracts of Gracilaria salicornia C. Ag., Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva, Gracilaria corticata J. Ag., Gracilaria fergusonii J. Ag.,and Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfus from Mandapam, Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva., Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfus from Pulicate Lake, Gracilaria fergusonii J. Ag., Gracilaria corticata J. Ag. and Gracilaria corticata J. Ag. var. cylindrica from Tuticorin using heat induced haemolysis of RBC. In addition, the present study is focused to reveal the locality specific anti-inflammatory activities of selected Gracillaria species.Methods: The fresh seaweeds were boiled with distilled water (1:20 W/V) for 2 h. The slurry was filtered through Whatman No. 41 filter paper and condensed. The semi-solid crude extracts were used for anti-inflammatory analysis.Results: An aqueous extracts of studied Gracilaria species were effective in inhibiting the heat induced haemolysis at different concentrations. The results showed the dose dependent protection. The percentage of anti-inflammatory activity of studied Gracillaria was varied from 43.81 to 95.55. The highest percentage (95.55%) of activity was observed in 250 µg/ml of G. edulis aqueous extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity of studied Gracillaria species at 250 µg/ml were as follows G. edulis (Mandabam)>G. corticata (Mandabam)>G. verucosa (Mandabam)>G. salicornia (Mandabam)>G. ferugosonii (Tuticorin)>G. ferugosonii (Mandabam)>G. edulis (Pulicate)>G. corticata (Tuticorin)>G. verucosa (Pulicate)>G. corticata var. cylindrica (Tuticorin).Conclusion: The results of the present study clearly explained the anti-inflammatory potential of the studied Gracillaria species. The aqueous 0extracts of Gracillaria collected from Mandapam showed the highest percentage of protection activity. This study results confirm the existence of active principle responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. Further studies are required to isolate the active principles without any side effects

Intracellular granzyme A expression of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in pulmonary tuberculosis

Cell-mediated immunity is a key weapon of host defence against tuberculosis (TB). Granzyme A (GzmA), a serine protease, present in the granules of cytotoxic cells induces caspase-independent cell death. We estimated the proportion of GzmA producing lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood from 59 normal healthy volunteers and 48 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients using flow cytometry. When compared with normal healthy subjects, we observed a significantly higher percentage of GzmA-positive CD56+ cells (P = 0.01) in PTB patients. However, when the absolute number was compared between the two groups, a significantly decreased number of GzmA-expressing CD16+ (P = 0.01) and CD56+ (P = 0.0001) cells was observed in patients and this could be explained by the significantly reduced number of total lymphocytes (P = 0.0009) seen in the patients. There was no significant difference in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ GzmA double-positive cells between the two study groups. CD56 is a natural killer cell marker and these cells represent innate immune response to TB. We report an increased percentage of CD56+ cells expressing GzmA in TB patients, which shows the relevance of the GzmA-mediated pathway of apoptosis in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Interferon gamma (IFN -gamma) and interleukin -4 (IL-4) gene variants and cytokine levels in pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian Journal of Medical Research

Background & objectives: Cytokine gene polymorphisms may alter Th1/Th2 balance with major implications in tuberculosis. The aim of our study was to find out whether Interferon � +874A and IL-4 -590T polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis as well as the level of IFN� and IL-4 in south Indian population. Methods: Interferon � +874A and IL-4 -590T promoter polymorphisms were studied in 129 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients and 127 normal healthy subjects (NHS) and were associated with culture filtrate and live Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced IFN� and IL-4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). IL-4 gene variants were also associated with IgG antibody levels against M. tuberculosis culture filtrate antigen. Results: The variant IFN� genotypes and IFN� levels between genotypes did not differ significantly in patients and controls. Significantly increased frequency of variant IL-4 ‘CT’ genotype in PTB patients (P<0.05) and ‘CC’ genotype in control group (P<0.01) was observed. IL-4 levels were detectable in very few subjects and the IgG levels did not differ between the three IL-4 genotypes. Interpretation & conclusion: The study suggests a lack of functional association of Interferon � +874A polymorphism in tuberculosis in south Indian population. The higher frequency of IL-4 ‘CT’ genotype in PTB suggests a possible association of IL-4 -590T promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis, and the ‘CC’ genotype may be associated with protection

Elevated percentage of perforin positive cells in active pulmonary tuberculosis

Background & objectives: Perforin is one of the major effector molecules of cytotoxic cells associated with killing of cells harbouring intracellular bacterial infection. The precise role of perforin positive cells in tuberculosis still remains controversial. The present study was done to determine the number of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ perforin positive cells to assess the level of cytotoxic response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: Intracellular perforin and surface CD4 and CD8 staining of peripheral blood lymphocytes was done using specific monoclonal antibodies and enumerated using flowcytometry. Results: A significantly decreased total lymphocytes (P<0.01), CD4 (P<0.001) and CD8 (P<0.01) lymphocyte counts in PTB patients was observed compared to normal healthy individuals (NHS). Intracellular perforin staining showed significantly elevated percentages of total (P<0.05) and CD8 (P<0.01) perforin positive cells in PTB patients compared to NHS. However, the absolute counts of total, CD4 and CD8 cells positive for perforin were similar in patients and NHS. Interpretation & conclusion: Our results suggest that during active stage of pulmonary tuberculosis there was an increased percentage of CD8 cells positive for perforin, irrespective of their absolute counts. Further, CD8+ perforin positive cells ma

EVALUATION OF SERUM TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-ΚBP65 PROTEINS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Objective: The present study is aimed to estimate the serum toll-like receptor 4 (sTLR 4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 proteins in patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: The study was performed in prospective cases of 22 OSCC patients, 10 oral epithelial dysplasia patients, 8 control with chewing habits, and 4 control patients. The estimation of sTLR 4 and NF-κBp65 proteins was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The Pearson correlation test was performed to find out the relationship between these two proteins. Results: There was an increase in the sTLR 4 protein level in study groups OSCC, oral premalignant disorders, control with chewing habits, and control habits such as 1.31 ng/ml±1.06 ng/ml, 1.99 ng/ml±0.98 ng/ml, and 2.11 ng/ml±0.61 ng/ml, respectively, when comparable (p=0.008) to control patients with 0.60 ng/ml±0.24 ng/ml. However, in the case of serum level NF-κBp65 protein all the study groups including the control showed same values. The Pearson correlation test showed significant relationship (rpearson=0.91, [p&lt;0.0005]) of these two proteins only in the OSCC patients. Conclusion: It can be concluded that serum levels of TLR 4 are increased in OSCC patients, but there was no variation seen for the NF-κBp65 protein. There is a strong interrelationship exist between the serum levels of TLR 4 and NF-κBp65 proteins in the OSCC patients only

Original Article

Phosphodiesterase specific for the hydrolysis of diphenylphosphate, one of aromatic phosphodiesters, was obtained from hog kidney by following procedure. To hog kidney homogenized in a Waring blendor with 3 volumes of distilled water was added solid sodium chloride to a final concentration of 1% and after adjusting of pH to 5 with ca. 5 N hydrochloric acid, it was shaken for 10 minutes with an equal volume of n-butanol, allowed to stand for one hour, and centrifuged. The aqueous extract present beneath the floating gel layer of protein and butanol mixture, was siphoned out and fractionated with ammonium sulfate. The precipitate obtained between 45 and 70 % saturation was dissolved in a small volume of distilled water, dialyzed for 48 hours against running tap water, and then, to inactivate the monoesterase, heated in water bath of 100° for 5 minutes, whereby the solution became faintly turbid. The enzyme solution, thus prepared, hydrolyzed diphenylphosphate, liberating phenol but no inorganic phosphate, while it was inactive to monophenylphosphate. Diphenylphosphate of a final concentration of 0.0005M could be hydrolyzed in one hour at the optimum pH 7 to the extent of 40%. At this pH, the enzyme activity was not influenced by addition of Mg^, Ca^, or CN^. Bis-dichloroisopropylphosphate, dibenzylphosphate, diethylphosphate, lysolecithin, RNA, and DNA were resistant to this enzyme. It is conceivable that these diesters are hydrolyzed by other enzymes different from the aromatic phosphodiesterase, presented in this paper