Nurses' daily life: gender relations from the time spent in hospital

Objetivo: analizar los tiempos de la vida cotidiana de enfermeras y enfermeros, a través de la división sexual del trabajo y de las relaciones de interdependencia, a partir del tiempo en el hospital.Método: estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, basado en investigaciones de Usos del Tiempo y en la Teoría de la Configuración de Interdependencias de Norbert Elias. Registro de la distribución de los tiempos diarios, realizado por 42 participantes, con autoconfrontación, por medio de entrevistas que suscitaban diálogos sobre los aspectos subjetivos de las experiencias cotidianas relacionadas a los usos del tiempo, a partir del trabajo en un hospital universitario. El aporte teórico que fundamentó el análisis de los datos fue basado en conceptos de conflictos de intereses, disputas de poder, división sexual del trabajo, monocronía y policronía.Resultados: los registros de los tiempos permitieron observar diferencias entre los grupos estudiados, siendo útiles para identificación de conflictos, tensiones, disputas de poder y desigualdades de género en las relaciones cotidianas de los entrevistados, que afectan no apenas la salud física y mental, pero también a los modos de vida.Conclusión: El recorrido analítico apuntó la necesidad de contar con políticas públicas que promuevan equidad en las relaciones de género, con el objetivo de obtener posturas tolerantes y discursos plurales capaces de respetar las diferencias entre los tiempos individuales y colectivos.Objetivo: analisar os tempos da vida cotidiana de enfermeiras e enfermeiros, através da divisão sexual do trabalho e das relações de interdependência, a partir do tempo no hospital.Método: estudo quantiqualitativo, embasado em pesquisas de Usos do Tempo e na Teoria da Configuração de Interdependências de Norbert Elias. Registro da distribuição dos tempos diários, realizado por 42 participantes, com autoconfrontação, por meio de entrevistas que suscitavam diálogos sobre os aspectos subjetivos das experiências cotidianas relacionadas aos usos do tempo, a partir do trabalho num hospital universitário. O aporte teórico que fundamentou a análise dos dados foi embasado em conceitos de conflitos de interesses, disputas de poder, divisão sexual do trabalho, monocronia e policronia.Resultados: os registros dos tempos permitiram observar diferenças entre os grupos estudados, sendo úteis para identificação de conflitos, tensões, disputas de poder e desigualdades de gênero nas relações cotidianas das(os) entrevistadas(os), que afetam não apenas a saúde física e mental, mas os modos de vida.Conclusão: O percurso analítico apontou a necessidade de políticas públicas que promovam equidade nas relações de gênero, com vistas ao exercício de posturas tolerantes e discursos plurais capazes de respeitar as diferenças entre os tempos individuais e coletivos.Objective: to analyze the everyday life of nurses through the sexual work division as well as through interdependence relations and the time in hospital.Method: quanti-qualitative study, based on the Time Use Survey and in Norbert Elias's Configuration Theory of Interdependencies. Daily shifts distribution record, directed by 42 participants - with self-confrontation - by interviews which drew dialogues on subjective aspects of the everyday experiences related to use of time, based on a job at a university hospital. The theoretical intake that founded data analysis was based on concepts of conflicts of interest, power struggles, sexual work division and polychronic-monochronic concepts - whether the work environment demands multitasking nurses or not.Results: time records allowed to observe differences between the groups studied, useful to identify conflicts, tensions, power struggles and gender inequalities in interviewees' everyday affairs that do not only affect physical and mental health, but also their way of life.Conclusion: the analytical path pointed out the need for public policies that promote equity in gender relations, keeping at sight the exercise of plural discourses and tolerant stances capable to respect differences between individual and collective time

Microfracturing and microporosity in shales

Shales are ubiquitous rocks in sedimentary basins, where their low permeability makes them efficient seals for conventional oil and gas reservoirs and underground waste storage repositories (waste waters, CO2, nuclear fuels). Moreover, when they contain organic matter, they form source rocks for hydrocarbons that may escape towards a more porous reservoir during burial, a process referred to as primary migration. And when the hydrocarbons cannot escape, these rocks can be exploited as oil or shale gas reservoirs. While the presence of fractures at the outcrop scale has been described, the existence of fractures at smaller scales, their link with microporosity, the mechanisms that created them, their persistence over geological times, and their effect on the petrophysical properties of shales represent scientific challenges for which drillings in various sedimentary basins over the past decades may hold timely key data. Here, we review and synthetize the current knowledge on how microfractures and micropores in shales can be imaged and characterized and how they control their anisotropic mechanical properties and permeability. One question is whether such microfractures, when observed in outcrops or in drilled core samples extracted from boreholes, are related to decompaction and do not exist at depth. Another question is whether veins observed in shales represent microfractures that were open long enough to have acted as flow paths across the formation. The mechanisms of microfracture development are described. Some have an internal origin (fracturing by maturation of organic matter, dehydration of clays) while others are caused by external factors (tectonic loading). Importantly, the amount of microfracturing in shales is shown to depend strongly on the content in 1) organic matter, and 2) strong minerals. The nucleation of microfractures depends on the existence of mechanical heterogeneities down to the nanometer scale. Their propagation and linkage to create a percolating network will depend on the presence of heterogeneities at the meso- to macro-scales. Such percolating microfracture networks could control both the long-term sealing capabilities of cap rocks and the further propagation of hydraulic fracturing cracks. Finally, possible areas of research for describing the mechanism of microfracture formation in greater detail and how this impacts the transport and mechanical properties of shales are also discussed

Simulation à l'échelle mésoscopique de la mise en forme de renforts de composites tissés

De nos jours, l intégration de pièces composites dans les produits intéresse de plus en plus les industriels, particulièrement dans le domaine des transports. En effet, ces matériaux présentent de nombreux avantages, notamment celui de permettre une diminution de la masse des pièces lorsqu ils sont correctement exploités. Pour concevoir ces pièces, plusieurs procédés peuvent être utilisés, parmi lesquels le RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) qui consiste en la mise en forme d un renfort sec (préformage) avant une étape d injection de résine. Cette étude concerne la première étape du procédé RTM, celle de préformage. L objectif est de mettre en œuvre une stratégie efficace conduisant à la simulation par éléments finis de la mise en forme des renforts à l échelle mésoscopique. A cette échelle, le renfort fibreux est modélisé par un enchevêtrement de mèches supposées homogènes. Plusieurs étapes sont alors nécessaires et donc étudiées ici pour atteindre cet objectif. La première consiste à créer un modèle géométrique 3D le plus réaliste possible des cellules élémentaires des renforts considérés. Elle est réalisée grâce à la mise en œuvre d une stratégie itérative basée sur deux propriétés. D une part, la cohérence, qui permet d assurer une bonne description du contact entre les mèches, c'est-à-dire, que le modèle ne contient ni vides ni interpénétrations au niveau de la zone de contact. D autre part, la variation de la forme des sections de la mèche le long de sa trajectoire qui permet de coller au mieux à la géométrie évolutive des mèches dans le renfort. Grâce à ce modèle et à une définition libre par l utilisateur de l architecture tissée, un modèle représentatif de tout type de renfort (2D, interlock) peut être obtenu. La seconde étape consiste à créer un maillage hexaédrique 3D cohérant de ces cellules élémentaires. Basé sur la géométrie obtenue à la première étape. L outil de maillage créé permet de mailler automatiquement tout type de mèche, quelle que soit sa trajectoire et la forme de ses sections. La troisième étape à franchir consiste, à partir du comportement mécanique du matériau constitutif des fibres et de la structure de la mèche, à mettre en place une loi de comportement du matériau homogène équivalent à un matériau fibreux. Basé sur les récents développements expérimentaux et numériques en matière de loi de comportement de structures fibreuses, un nouveau modèle de comportement est présenté et implémenté. Enfin, une étude des différents paramètres intervenant dans les calculs en dynamique explicite est réalisée. Ces deux derniers points permettent à la fois de faire converger rapidement les calculs et de se rapprocher de la réalité de la déformation des renforts. L ensemble de la chaîne de modélisation/simulation des renforts fibreux à l échelle mésoscopique ainsi créée est validée par comparaison d essais numériques et expérimentaux de renforts sous sollicitations simples.Nowadays, manufacturers, especially in transport, are increasingly interested in integrating composite parts into their products. These materials have, indeed, many benefits, among which allowing parts mass reduction when properly operated. In order to manufacture these parts, several methods can be used, including the RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process which consists in forming a dry reinforcement (preform) before a resin being injected. This study deals with the first stage of the RTM process, which is the preforming step. It aims to implement an efficient strategy leading to the finite element simulation of fibrous reinforcements at mesoscopic scale. At this scale, the fibrous reinforcement is modeled by an interlacement of yarns assumed to be homogeneous and continuous. Several steps are then necessary and therefore considered here to achieve this goal. The first consists in creating a 3D geometrical model of unit cells as realistic as possible. It is achieved through the implementation of an iterative strategy based on two main properties. On the one hand, consistency, which ensures a good description of the contact between the yarns, that is to say, the model does not contain spurious spaces or interpenetrations at the contact area. On the other hand, the variation of the yarn section shape along its trajectory that enables to stick as much as possible to the evolutive shape of the yarn inside the reinforcement. Using this tool and a woven architecture freely implementable by the user, a model representative of any type of reinforcement (2D, interlock) can be obtained. The second step consists in creating a 3D consistent hexahedral mesh of these unit cells. Based on the geometrical model obtained in the first step, the meshing tool enables to mesh any type of yarn, whatever its trajectory or section shape. The third step consists in establishing a constitutive equation of the homogeneous material equivalent to a fibrous material from the mechanical behavior of the constituent material of fibers and the structure of the yarn. Based on recent experimental and numerical developments in the mechanical behavior of fibrous structures, a new constitutive law is presented and implemented. Finally, a study of the different parameters involved in the dynamic/explicit scheme is performed. These last two points allow both to a quick convergence of the calculations and approach the reality of the deformation of reinforcements. The entire chain modeling/simulation of fibrous reinforcements at mesoscopic scale created is validated by numerical and experimental comparison tests of reinforcements under simple loadings.VILLEURBANNE-DOC'INSA-Bib. elec. (692669901) / SudocSudocFranceF

O ACESSO DE CRIANÇAS COM ESTOMA AOS SERVIÇOS ESPECIALIZADOS DE SAÚDE NO MUNICIPIO DO RIO DE JANEIRO

This article aims to analyze the access to specialized health services offered to families of children with stomas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Qualitative study, consisting of a documentary survey and field research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with families assisted in the Pediatric Surgical Area of ​​a public institution of reference and with the coordinators of the Health Care Services for Ostomized Patients. It was identified that families tend to associate access to specialized services with the use and obtaining of devices and adjuvants for stoma protection. The study pointed out: difficulty in providing these specific inputs for children; need to expand access to healthcare aimed at children with respiratory and/or digestive stoma, considering that they are not included in the ostomy care services in the city of Rio de Janeiro.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o acesso aos serviços especializados de saúde ofertados às famílias de crianças com estomas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Estudo qualitativo, composto por um levantamento documental e uma pesquisa de campo. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com famílias atendidas na Área Cirúrgica Pediátrica de uma instituição pública de referência e com as coordenadoras dos Serviços de Atenção à Saúde de Estomizados. Identificou-se que as famílias tendem a associar o acesso aos serviços especializados ao uso e à obtenção dos dispositivos e adjuvantes de proteção de estomas. O estudo apontou: dificuldade de provisão desses insumos específicos para o público infantil; necessidade de ampliação do acesso à saúde voltado para crianças com estoma respiratório e/ou digestivo, considerando que estes não estão inseridos nos Serviços de Atenção ao estomizados, no município do Rio de Janeiro

Modélisation à l'échelle mésoscopique de la géométrie de renforts de composites tissés

Les simulations numériques à l'échelle de la pièce sont un puissant outil pour prédire la faisabilité de ces pièces. Pour alimenter ces simulations, il est nécessaire de disposer d'un modèle géométrique 3D le plus précis possible de la cellule élémentaire du renfort. Le but de cette étude est donc de développer un préprocesseur cohérent automatisé de modélisation de géométries complexes telles que celles des renforts de type interlock

Protocols for Rearing Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea) in a Colony and Basic Methods for Laboratory and Field Experiments

Standardized protocols are an essential asset for research requiring the maintenance of live organisms. Ecological studies often involve collaborations between multiple teams that are spread across locations, and these collaborations benefit from sharing successful laboratory procedures. Our research team is studying the ecology of the fall webworm moth (Hyphantria cunea, hereafter FW) in North America for \u3e10 years, during which time we have established reliable procedures for starting and maintaining FW colonies under laboratory conditions. FW is a North American species that has been introduced to Europe and Asia where it is a major pest. Here, we present a detailed review of the methods we use to find and collect FW caterpillars in the field, house and rear caterpillars in the laboratory, handle pupae, and initiate diapause for overwintering. We also describe how to end diapause the following summer, care for emerging adult moths and mate them, and tend to eggs. Lastly, we test the effectiveness of some of our protocols related to mating adult moths to determine whether fertile eggs are produced. FW is becoming a model study system for ecological and evolutionary studies related to diet breadth. As more researchers begin studying the ecology and management of FW, laboratory colonies will play an important role for these projects. Our protocols will provide guidance to inform the successful study of this important insect

Nursing care postpartum women seropositive for hiv before the inability to natural breastfeeding

Objectives: to know the expertise of nurses in caring for postpartum women seropositive for HIV on breastfeeding; identify the interaction of nurses with women with HIV about the impossibility of breastfeeding. Method: this was a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative in nature, with twenty-three women in the rooming Antônio Pedro University Hospital (HUAP) through structured interviews and analyzed with the precepts of content analysis in thematic, after approval by the Ethics Committee of the HUAP, under nº 254.060/13. Results: the following categories emerged: disparities in the guidelines at the rooming set: natural breastfeeding; interaction of nurses rooming with HIV-positive mothers for HIV on the impossibility of breastfeeding. Conclusion: the need for guidance and awareness of women about their reasons and issues related to the inability to breastfeed