The MPA mouse breast cancer model: evidence for a role of progesterone receptors in breast cancer

More than 60% of all breast neoplasias are ductal carcinomas expressing estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). In contrast, most of the spontaneous, chemically or MMTV induced tumors, as well as tumors arising in genetically modified mice do not express hormone receptors. We developed a model of breast cancer in which the administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to BALB/c female mice induces mammary ductal carcinomas with a mean latency of 52 weeks and an incidence of about 80%. These tumors are hormone-dependent, metastatic, express both ER and PR, and are maintained by syngeneic transplants. The model has been further refined to include mammary carcinomas that evolve through different stages of hormone dependency, as well as several hormone-responsive cell lines. In this review, we describe the main features of this tumor model, highlighting the role of PR as a trigger of key signaling pathways mediating tumor growth. In addition, we discussthe relevance of this model in comparison with other currently used breast cancer models pointing out its advantages and limitations and how, this model may be suitable to unravel key questions in breast cancer.Fil: Lanari, Claudia Lee Malvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Lamb, Caroline Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fabris, Victoria Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Helguero, Luisa A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Soldati, Rocío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Bottino, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Giulianelli, Sebastian Jesus. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Cerliani, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Wargon, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Molinolo, Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Public Health Service. National Institute Of Health; Estados Unido

Novel, low cost, highly effective, handmade steroid pellets for experimental studies

The basic component of SilasticH glue (Dow Corning) used to prepare SilasticH pellets is polydimethylsiloxane. This compound is also present in other commercial adhesives such as FASTIXH (Akapol SA) that are available in any store for that category. In the present study we developed low cost, easy to prepare handmade steroid pellets (HMSP) by mixing 17bestradiol, progesterone or other synthetic steroids with FASTIXH adhesive. We assessed serum levels of 17b-estradiol, progesterone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized mice treated for 24 and 48 h or 7, 14 and 28 days with 20 mg or 5 mg of 17b-estradiol or 5 mg progesterone HMSP. We found a time dependent and significant increase in the levels of both natural hormones, and a downregulation of serum luteinizing hormone levels, while both 17b-estradiol doses increased serum prolactin. Uterine weights at sacrifice and histological examination of the uteri and the mammary glands correlated with estrogen or progestin action. Finally, we evaluated the biological effects of HMSP compared to commercial pellets or daily injections in the stimulation or inhibition of hormone dependent mammary tumor growth, and found that HMSP were as effective as the other methods of hormone administration. These data show that HMSP represent a useful, low cost, easily accessible method for administering steroids to miceFil: Sahores, Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Luque, Guillermina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Wargon, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: May, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Molinolo, Alfredo. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Estados UnidosFil: Becu, Damasia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Lanari, Claudia Lee Malvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Lamb, Caroline Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentin

Multidrug resistance protein 4/ ATP binding cassette transporter 4: a new potential therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia

Less than a third of adults patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are cured by current treatments, emphasizing the need for new approaches to therapy. We previously demonstrated that besides playing a role in drug-resistant leukemia cell lines, multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) regulates leukemia cell proliferation and differentiation through the endogenous MRP4/ABCC4 substrate, cAMP. Here, we studied the role of MRP4/ABCC4 in tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model and in leukemic stem cells (LSCs) differentiation. We found a decrease in the mitotic index and an increase in the apoptotic index associated with the inhibition of tumor growth when mice were treated with rolipram (PDE4 inhibitor) and/or probenecid (MRPs inhibitor). Genetic silencing and pharmacologic inhibition of MRP4 reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, MRP4 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vivo. Interestingly, when LSC population was isolated, we observed that increased cAMP levels and MRP4/ABCC4 blockade resulted in LSCs differentiation. Taken together, our findings show that MRP4/ABCC4 has a relevant role in tumor growth and apoptosis and in the eradication of LSCs, providing the basis for a novel promising target in AML therapy.Fil: Copsel, Sabrina Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Bruzzone, Ariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina; ArgentinaFil: May, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Beyrath, Julien. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen; Países BajosFil: Wargon, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Cany, Jeannette. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen; Países BajosFil: Russel, Frans G. M.. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen; Países BajosFil: Shayo, Carina Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Davio, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentin

Crescimento do câncer de mama receptor de hormônio dependente: contribuições de um modelo experimental

Si bien los estrógenos han demostrado tener un rol protagónico en el cáncer de mama, hoy se sabe que la progesterona, así como sus derivados sintéticos, ejercen roles proliferativos tanto en la glándula mamaria normal como neoplásica. Utilizando un modelo experimental de cáncer mamario murino, iniciado en la Academia Nacional de Medicina y trasladado al IBYME en el año 1995, demostramos la importancia de los fibroblastos asociados a tumor en la provisión de factores de crecimiento que activan en forma ligando-independiente a los receptores de progesterona (RPs) en las células tumorales. En este artículo mencionamos la importancia por un lado de la proporción de isoformas del RP en la determinación de la respuesta al tratamiento hormonal, y por otro, los mecanismos por los cuales el factor de crecimiento fibroblástico 2 (FGF2) estromal participaría en el crecimiento tumoral imitando la acción de la hormonaIt is well known that estrogens are key players regulating breast cancer growth. In addition, there is compelling evidence pointing out that progestins induce proliferative effects in normal and in neoplastic mammary glands. Using a murine breast cancer model, first developed in the National Academy of Medicine in Buenos Aires, and then moved to the IBYME in 1995, we demonstrated that carcinoma associated fibroblasts provide growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which are involved in the ligand independent activation of progesterone receptors (PR) of tumor cells. This article briefly describes, on one hand, the relevance of the evaluation of the PR isoform ratio to predict hormone responsiveness, and on the other hand, the mechanisms by which stromal FGF2 mimics the effects of progesterone to stimulate tumor growth.Embora os estrógenos tenham demonstrado ter um papel protagônico no câncer de mama, hoje se sabe que a progesterona, bem como seus derivados sintéticos, exerce papéis proliferativos tanto na glândula mamária normal quanto neoplá- sica. Utilizando um modelo experimental de câncer mamário murino, iniciado na Academia Nacional de Medicina e trasladado ao IBYME no ano 1995, demonstramos a importância dos fibroblastos associados a tumor na provisão de fatores de crescimento que ativam em forma ligando-independente os receptores de progesterona (RPs) nas células tumorais. Neste artigo mencionamos a importância, de um lado, da proporção de isoformas do RP na determinação da resposta ao tratamento hormonal, e do outro, dos mecanismos pelos quais o fator de crescimento fibroblástico 2 (FGF2) estromal participaria no crescimento tumoral imitando a ação do hormônio.Fil: Lanari, Claudia Lee Malvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Novaro, Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Lamb, Caroline Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Fabris, Victoria Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Rojas, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Giulianelli, Sebastian Jesus. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Gorostiaga, Maria Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Wargon, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Guillardoy, Tomás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Polo, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Riggio, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Sequeira, Gonzalo Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Sahores, Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Pampena, María Betina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentin

Constitutive and acquired hormone resistance in murine breast carcinomas

Los mecanismos por los cuales los estrógenos y los progestágenos, a través de sus respectivos receptores (RE y RP), participan en el desarrollo y crecimiento del cáncer de mama es un tema de gran interés ya que su detección se utiliza como factor pronóstico y orienta la terapéutica hacia una de tipo hormonal. En nuestro laboratorio se ha desarrollado un modelo experimental de adenocarcinomas mamarios murinos inducidos por acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MPA) en ratones hembras vírgenes de la cepa BALB/c. Se establecieron líneas tumorales hormono-dependientes (HD) y hormono-independientes (HI) que expresan RE, alfa (REα) y beta (REβ), y las dos isoformas del RP (RPA y RPB). Los tumores HI se clasifican en respondedores (sensibles) y resistentes a la terapia con antiprogestágenos. Hemos generado a su vez por presión selectiva variantes tumorales con resistencia adquirida a los mismos. Utilizando tres familias tumorales de este modelo, demostramos que los tumores sensibles expresan mayor nivel de RPA que de RPB, mientras que lo opuesto se observa en los resistentes. Esta diferencia sería un posible marcador para discriminar un tumor sensible de uno resistente. Pudimos determinar que la resistencia adquirida puede revertir ya sea por tratamiento hormonal, o por cultivo y en todos los casos esta reversión se ve acompañada de la reexpresión de RPA. Demostramos que el silenciamiento de RPA en los tumores con resistencia adquirida se debe a metilación del promotor de PRA y que el tratamiento con el agente desmetilante 5azadC desensibiliza los tumores al antiprogestágeno. No hemos podido hasta el momento dilucidar cuál es el mecanismo que silencia la expresión de RPA en los tumores con resistencia adquirida, sin embargo la plasticidad que observamos en la expresión de esta isoforma nos hace pensar que se trataría de algún otro mecanismo epigenético. La fuerte correlación que hemos observado a lo largo de este trabajo de investigación entre la expresión de RPA y la sensibilidad a los antiprogestágenos sugieren que la terapia con antiprogestágenos debería ser considerada como posible tratamiento para tumores de mama con alta expresión de RPA.The mechanisms by which estrogens and progestins activate estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) respectively are still a main and controversial area in breast cancer research. The detection of these receptors is used as a prognostic factor and patients with high levels of ER and PR will be treated with a hormone therapy aimed to block estrogen synthesis or to inhibit ER activation. There is however compelling evidence that points out that PR is also involved in the development and progression of breast carcinomas. In our Laboratory we have developed an experimental model of mammary carcinomas induced by the continuous administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) into BALB/c female mice. MPA-dependent tumors (HD) are maintained by syngeneic transplantations in MPA-treated mice. Spontaneously, tumors which are able to grow without exogenous hormone supply may arise, and these are referred to as hormone independent tumors (HI). Both tumor types express ER alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), and both isoforms of PR (PRA and PRB). HI tumors are classified as antiprogestin responsive or antiprogestins resistant tumors. We have already demonstrated that PR play a key role mediating tumor growth in both tumor types since antisense oligonucleotides of PR and different antiprogestins inhibit their growth. In this study we analyzed 3 responsive, 3 acquired resistant and 2 constitutive resistant tumors from three different tumor families from the MPA breast cancer model. We demonstrated that the difference between these responsive and resistant tumors relies in the PRA/PRB ratio, being PRA higher than PRB in responsive tumors. Interestingly the acquired resistant phenotype was possible to be reverted and this reversion was significantly associated with an increase in PRA expression. We demonstrated that only in the constitutive-resistant tumors, PRA expression was silenced by DNA methylation. This prompted us to investigate whether the treatment of constitutive resistant tumors with a demethylating agent could restore PRA expression and antiprogestins responsiveness. We found that 5-aza- 2 ́-deoxycytidine treatment induced PRA expression and RU-486 responsiveness in vitro and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, high levels of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmts) were detected in these tumors. In conclusion, our results suggest that methyltransferase inhibitors in combination with antiprogestins may be effective in the treatment of constitutive-resistant carcinomas with a high DNA methyltransferase level. The correlation between PRA expression and antiprogestins responsiveness supports the hypothesis that antiprogestin should be used for the treatment of breast cancer patients showing high expression of PRA.Fil:Wargon, Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Responsiveness to PI3K and MEK inhibitors in breast cancer. Use of a 3D culture system to study pathways related to hormone independence in mice.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of breast cancer patients face failure of endocrine therapy due to the acquisition of endocrine resistance. We have explored mechanisms involved in such disease progression by using a mouse breast cancer model that is induced by medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). These tumors transit through different stages of hormone sensitivity. However, when cells from tumor variants were seeded on plastic, all were stimulated by progestins and inhibited by antiprogestins such as RU486. Furthermore, cells from a RU486-resistant tumor variant recovered antiprogestin sensitivity. HYPOTHESIS: A three-dimensional (3D) culture system, by maintaining differential cellular organization that is typical of each tumor variant, may allow for the maintenance of particular hormone responses and thus be appropriate for the study of the effects of specific inhibitors of signaling pathways associated with disease progression. METHOD: We compared the behavior of tumors growing in vivo and cancer cells ex vivo (in 3D Matrigel). In this system, we evaluated the effects of kinase inhibitors and hormone antagonists on tumor growth. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: LY294002, a PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor, decreased both tumor growth in vivo and cell survival in Matrigel in MPA-independent tumors with higher AKT activity. Induction of cell death by anti-hormones such as ICI182780 and ZK230211 was more effective in MPA-dependent tumors with lower AKT activity. Inhibition of MEK with PD98059 did not affect tumor growth in any tested variant. Finally, while Matrigel reproduced differential responsiveness of MPA-dependent and -independent breast cancer cells, it was not sufficient to preserve antiprogestin resistance of RU486-resistant tumors. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway is relevant for MPA-independent tumor growth. Three-dimensional cultures were useful to test the effects of kinase inhibitors on breast cancer growth and highlight the need for in vivo models to validate experimental tools used for selective therapeutic targeting

Immunohistochemistry and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in canine malignant mammary tumors in different clinical stages

La técnica de inmunohistoquímica descrita por Walker y col. (1998) y Mote y col. (2001) es de utilidad para la determinación de receptores de estrógenos y de progesterona en tumores mamarios de la hembra canina. Existe bastante controversia respecto al porcentaje de receptores de estrógenos y de progesterona, con valor pronóstico o predictivo en tumores malignos caninos debido, muy probablemente, a la falta de uniformidad en criterios de inclusión de los casos en los estudios realizados. El presente trabajo se realizó en una población de 51 perras. Los tumores fueron escindidos quirúrgicamente mediante mastectomía de las glándulas afectadas. Para la determinación de receptores hormonales, se analizó la muestra con mayores características histológicas de malignidad de cada animal. Se contabilizó el porcentaje de células tumorales positivas para cada uno de los receptores (receptor de estrógeno alfa, receptor de estrógeno beta y receptores de progesterona) en los distintos estadios clínicos (I, II, II, IV). Se consideró positivo todo corte ≥ 20% de células tumorales positivas para cada uno de los receptores. Se realizó una estadística descriptiva (media y error estándar) con los animales positivos para cada uno de los receptores en los distintos estadios clínicos. En línea con reportes de otros autores, más de la mitad de caninos portadores de tumores mamarios malignos expresaron receptores de estrógenos y de progesterona. Conociendo que el comportamiento biológico de una neoplasia varía con el estadio clínico del paciente, resulta interesante estudiar la expresión de los receptores en cada uno de éstos, en animales con neoplasias mamarias malignas. Adicionalmente, a este objetivo incluye la puesta a punto la de técnica de inmunohistoquímica para la determinación de receptores hormonales en la [email protected] technique described by Walker et al. 1998 and Mote et al. 2001 is useful for the determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors in canine mammary tumors. There is considerable controversy regarding the percentage of estrogen and progesterone receptors that having prognostic or predictive value in malignant tumors in dogs because, most likely, the lack of uniform criteria for inclusion of cases. This study was conducted in a population of 51 female dogs. The tumors were surgically treated by mastectomy of the affected glands. For the determination of hormone receptors, the sample analyzed was showed higher histological malignancy features of each animal. It was counted the percentage of tumor cells positive for each of the receptors (estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta and progesterone receptor) in animals in various clinical stages (I, II, III, IV). It was considered positive cut-off ≥ 20% tumor cells positive for each of the recipients. It was conducted a descriptive statistics (mean and standard error) which positive animals for each of the receptors in different clinical stages. In line with reports of other authors, more than half of canine carriers of malignant mammary tumors expressed estrogen and progesterone receptors. Knowing that the biological behavior of cancer varies with the clinical stage of the animal, objective was to study the expression of receptors in each of the clinical stages in animals with malignant mammary tumors. Additionally, this includes the preparation of the immunohistochemical technique for the determination of hormone receptors in this species

Antiprogestins in breast cancer treatment: Are we ready?

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. It is accepted that breast cancer is not a single disease, but instead constitutes a spectrum of tumor subtypes with distinct cellular origins, somatic changes, and etiologies. Molecular gene expression studies have divided breast cancer into several categories, i.e. basal-like, ErbB2 enriched, normal breast-like (adipose tissue gene signature), luminal subtype A, luminal subtype B, and claudin-low. Chances are that as our knowledge increases, each of these types will also be subclassified. More than 66% of breast carcinomas express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and respond to antiestrogen therapies. Most of these ERC tumors also express progesterone receptors (PRs), the expression of which has been considered as a reliable marker of a functional ER. In this paper we will review the evidence suggesting that PRs are valid targets for breast cancer therapy. Experimental data suggest that both PR isoforms (A and B) have different roles in breast cancer cell growth, and antiprogestins have already been clinically used in patients who have failed to other therapies. We hypothesize that antiprogestin therapy may be suitable for patients with high levels of PR-A. This paper will go over the experimental evidence of our laboratory and others supporting the use of antiprogestins in selected breast cancer patients. © 2012 Society for Endocrinology Printed in Great Britain.Fil: Lanari, Claudia Lee Malvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Wargon, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rojas, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Molinolo, Alfredo. Public Health Service. National Institute Of Health; Estados Unido

Expression and methylation status of female-predominant GH-dependent liver genes are modified by neonatal androgenization in female mice

Neonatal androgenization masculinizes the GH axis and thus may impact on liver gene regulation. Neonatal testosterone administration to female mice decreased (defeminized) female predominant GH-dependent liver gene expression (Hnf6, Adh1, Prlr, Cyp3a41) and did not modify male predominant genes (Cyp7b1, Cyp4a12, Slp). Female predominance of Cis mRNA, an inhibitor of episodic GH signaling pathway, was unaltered. At birth, Cyp7b1 promoter exhibited a higher methylation status in female livers, while the Hnf6 promoter was equally methylated in both sexes; no differences in gene expression were detected at this age. In adulthood, consistent with sex specific predominance, lower methylation status was determined for the Cyp7b1 promoter in males, and for the Hnf6 promoter in females, and this last difference was prevented by neonatal androgenization. Therefore, early steroid treatment or eventually endocrine disruptor exposure may alter methylation status and sexual dimorphic expression of liver genes, and consequently modify liver physiology in females.Fil: Ramirez, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina;Fil: Zubeldia Brenner, Lautaro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina;Fil: Wargon, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina;Fil: Ornstein, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina;Fil: Becu, Damasia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina

The PI3K/AKT pathway regulates growth in C4-HI but not in C4-HD tumors.

<p>C4-HD tumors were transplanted into BALB/c females carrying a MPA depot while C4-HI tumors were transplanted in the absence of MPA. When tumors reached a 150 mm² of size, they were removed and processed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010786#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for western blot or immunohistochemistry. <b>A</b>. Left. Western blots of protein extracts from C4-HD and C4-HI tumors using specific antibodies against phosphorylated Ser473 AKT (p-AKT), total AKT, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), total ERK1/2 and β-actin (loading control). Three representative samples of a total of six of each tumor type are shown. Right. Quantification of AKT activation (p-AKT relative to total AKT levels) and ERK activation (p-ERK relative to total ERK levels). n = 6 for each tumor type; *: p<0.05 C4-HI vs. C4-HD. <b>B</b>. Immunohistochemistry of slices of paraffin embedded C4-HD or C4-HI tumors using antibodies against phosphorylated Ser473 AKT, showing a higher number of p-AKT-positive cells in C4-HI than in C4-HD tumors. Brown corresponds to the antibody signal and blue marks nuclei stained with hematoxylin. Scale bar: 60 µm. <b>C</b>. 3.6 mg/kg PD98059 (MEK inhibitor), 4 mg/kg LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) or 100 µl of saline solution (c, control) were administrated i.p. every other day for 12 days to animals carrying C4-HD or C4-HI tumors. Length and width of mammary tumors (mm²) were measured every 2 days. Treatments with the inhibitors started once the tumors reached a size of approximately 30 mm². Treatment with LY294002 causes C4-HI tumors to have a decreased growth rate. n = 6 for each group; **: p<0.01 vs. control. <b>D</b>. Left. At the end of 12 days of treatment, tumors were removed to evaluate by western blot the inhibitory effect of PD98059 and LY294002 on p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT, respectively. Two representative samples of a total of six are shown in the gel (left). Right. Quantification of AKT and ERK activation as in A. n = 6 for each group; a,b: p<0.01 C4-HI vs. C4-HD; *:p<0.05 vs. control. <b>E</b>. Quantification of the percentage of apoptosis at the end of treatment. Data corresponds to the mean±SEM percentage of apoptotic cells in ten high-power fields corresponding to six independent experiments. Apoptosis is higher in C4-HI tumors treated with LY294002. **: p<0.01 vs. control. <b>F</b>. C4-HI tumors are more differentiated than C4-HD tumors. After 12 days of treatment with LY294002, there is an increase in the number of ductal-like structures only in the C4-HI tumors, as indicated by the black arrows. Scale bar: 30 µm.</p