Magnitude da Desnutrição Infantil na Região Norte Brasileira: uma Revisão de Escopo.

Introduction: The growth deficit of the first years of life favors high morbidity and mortality rates, as well as negatively influencing motor and mental development, and school performance. Knowing the severity of chronic malnutrition in the Northern Region may contribute to the improvement of nutritional attention in childhood.Objective: To describe the magnitude of the growth deficit in children under five in the States of the North Region, from 2008 to 2017.Methods: A review of the scope of growth defi cits in children under five years of age was carried out in the Northern Region. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Lilacs, Capes Bank of Theses and VHL repository databases. We identified 1,507 publications. After selection, we analyzed 34 publications that met the study objective. The data search, extraction and synthesis stages were guided by the Population, Interest and Context (PIC) strategy. Narrative synthesis of the data was performed. Results and Conclusions: The prevalence of childhood growth deficits was high, with the main factors being residence status, late age and indigenous ancestry. The data point to regional iniquities even with the reduction of chronic malnutrition in Brazil. The North Region still has high rates of growth deficits in childhood.Introdução: O déficit de crescimento primeiros anos de vida favorece altas taxas de morbimortalidade, além de influenciar negativamente o desenvolvimento motor, mental e desempenho escolar. Conhecer a gravidade da desnutrição crônica na Região Norte pode contribuir para a melhoria da atenção nutricional na infância.Objetivo: Descrever a magnitude do déficit de crescimento em menores de cinco anos nos Estados da Região Norte, no período de 2008 a 2017.Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão de escopo sobre déficit de crescimento   em menores de cinco anos na Região Norte. A busca na literatura ocorreu nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs, Banco de Teses da Capes e repositório BVS. Identificou-se 1.507 publicações. Após seleção, analisou-se 34 publicações que atendiam ao objetivo do estudo. As etapas de busca, extração e síntese de dados foram orientadas pela estratégia População, Fenômeno de Interesse e Contexto (PIC). Realizou-se síntese narrativa dos dados.Resultados e conclusões: A prevalência do déficit de crescimento na infância apresentou-se em grande magnitude, tendo como principais fatores, estado de residência, idade tardia e ascendência indígena. Os dados apontam para as iniquidades regionais mesmo com a redução da desnutrição crônica no Brasil. A Região Norte ainda apresenta altas taxas de déficit de crescimento na infância

Methods of endotoxin removal from biological preparations : a review

ABSTRACTPURPOSE: Endotoxins, also called lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are major contaminants found in commercially available proteins or biologically active substances, which often complicate study of the biological effects of the main ingredient. The presence of small amounts of endotoxin in recombinant protein preparations can cause side effects in host organism such as endotoxin shock, tissue injury, and even death. Due to these reactions, it is essential to remove endotoxins from drugs, injectables, and other biological and pharmaceutical products. An overview of this subject is provided by this article. METHODS: An extensive review of literature with regard to methods for removal of endotoxin from biotechnological preparations was carried out. RESULTS: A short history of endotoxin is presented first. This is followed by a review of chemical and physical properties of endotoxin and its pathophysiological effects when the body is exposed to LPS excessively or systemically. The techniques of endotoxin determination and interaction of endotoxin with proteins is also presented, taking into consideration the established techniques as well as the state of the art technology in this field. A review of techniques of endotoxin mentioned with relatively high protein recoveries; however, special attention is given to two-phase aqueous micellar systems, which are valuable tools for endotoxin removal from pharmaceutical proteins on a small scale because they provide a mild environment for biological materials. CONCLUSIONS: Efficient and cost-effective removal of endotoxins from pharmaceutical and biotechnology preparations is challenging. Despite development of novel methods, such as the two- phase aqueous micellar systems, in recent years, more research is needed in this field

“É lá, perto da moça gorda”: estudo qualitativo sobre as percepções de mulheres gordas acerca de seus corpos e discriminações relacionadas ao peso corporal

We investigated fat women’s perceptions of their own bodies and their experiences with weightrelated discriminations, and how these situations affected their well-being. Thirty-nine obese women were interviewed, and three axes of analysis were identified: (1) repercussions of being fat, (2) living with a fat body, and (3) am I a person or just a fat body? These axes were composed of eight themes which had similar meaning or complemented each other. The results showed our participants had mechanisms to diminish the magnitude of their stigmatized bodies (e.g., attempting to lose weight and changing their current food choices). Participants also reported being fat had physical and psychological consequences for them. Most notably, their larger bodies influenced their self-evaluation, making them feel devalued, unlovable, incapable, and incomplete. They reported stigmatizing experiences in familiar situations, at the workplace and in public spaces, and reported being stigmatized by both close and unknown individuals, including healthcare professionals. These professionals were reported to treat patients disrespectfully, which urges attention to health care inequalities for obese people. Our results stress stigmatizing attitudes towards fat people and their own considerations about themselves have negative consequences in their physical and mental well-being.Investigamos a percepção de mulheres gordas sobre seu próprio corpo e suas experiências com discriminações relacionadas ao peso e como essas situações afetavam seu bem-estar. Trinta e nove mulheres obesas foram entrevistadas, sendo identificados três eixos de análise: (1) repercussões de ser gorda, (2) vivendo com um corpo gordo, e (3) eu sou uma pessoa ou apenas um corpo gordo? Esses eixos eram compostos por oito temas que se complementavam ou tinham significado semelhante. Os resultados mostraram que nossas participantes utilizavam mecanismos para diminuir a magnitude de seus corpos estigmatizados (por exemplo, tentando perder peso e modificando suas escolhas alimentares atuais). As participantes também relataram que ser gorda teve consequências físicas e psicológicas para elas. É importante ressaltar que seus corpos maiores influenciaram sua autoavaliação, fazendo com que se sentissem desvalorizadas, incapazes, incompletas e sem possibilidade de se sentirem amadas. Elas relataram experiências estigmatizadoras em situações familiares, no local de trabalho e em espaços públicos, e relataram serem estigmatizadas por pessoas próximas e desconhecidas, bem como por profissionais de saúde. Foi relatado que esses profissionais tratam os pacientes com desrespeito, o que exige atenção quanto às desigualdades na assistência à saúde de pessoas obesas. Nossos resultados enfatizam que atitudes estigmatizadoras em relação às pessoas gordas e suas próprias considerações sobre si mesmas têm consequências negativas para seu bem-estar físico e mental

Clonagem, expressão heteróloga e caracterização parcial da trealase periplasmática de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri e do seu envolvimento com a fitopatogenicidade

Citrus canker imposes damages to citriculture by causing drop in productivity and fruit quality and the absence of effective control and cure. Thus, the economic potential of citrus is limited in part by this disease mainly caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC) that presents the greatest virulence and broad spectrum of citrus hosts, compared to bacteria Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii types B (XauB) and C (XauC). In a proteomic analysis previously performed by our research group, periplasmic trehalase was identified as a protein which expression differed between XAC e XauC in an in vitro induction of pathogenicity. Trehalase is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis reaction of trehalose, a disaccharide composed of two glucose units, which role in the plant-pathogen interaction is poorly understood. One of the objectives of the study was to obtain this enzyme in purified form using an IPTG-inducible heterologous expression system in E. coli, for purposes of partial characterization of its structure and activity. The recombinant XAC periplasmic trehalase is a monomer bearing wide pH stability and showed Michaelian kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for trehalose was 0,124 ± 0,015 mM and Vmax 17,319 ± 0,035 μMol glucose.min-1.mg protein-1 . Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated the following composition of secondary structures: 42.7% α-helices and 13% β-sheets. A gene knockout method based on double homologous recombination between the genomic DNA and suicide vector pNPTS138 has made possible to obtain a strain deleted in the gene encoding the periplasmic trehalase (XACΔ0604), which enabled to evaluate the relationship between this gene and the XAC pathogenicity in Citrus aurantifolia. Infiltrated leaves with XACΔ0604 showed drenching and necrosis of plant tissue and intense brownish pustules compared with wild XAC, suggesting greater virulence of the mutant strain. The periplasmic trehalase activity was compared in XAC and XauC cell extracts from two culture mediums, non-pathogenicity-inducing (CN) and pathogenicity-inducing (XAM-M). Interestingly, XauC has showed higher enzyme activity compared to XAC in XAM-M. Thus, the noticeable higher XACΔ0604 pathogenicity and the greater activity of XauC periplasmic trehalase compared to XAC are indicatives that trehalose may promote pathogenicity.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)O cancro cítrico impõe prejuízos ao setor citricultor por ocasionar queda na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos e pela ausência de medidas eficazes de controle e cura. Assim, o potencial econômico dos citros é limitado, em parte, por essa doença causada principalmente pela bactéria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC), que apresenta maior virulência e largo espectro de hospedeiros cítricos, comparativamente às bactérias Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii tipos B (XauB) e C (XauC). Em um trabalho de análise proteômica anteriormente realizado por nosso grupo de pesquisa, a trealase periplasmática foi identificada como uma proteína cuja expressão foi diferencial entre XAC e XauC, em condição de indução da patogenicidade in vitro. A trealase é uma enzima que catalisa a reação de hidrólise da trealose, um dissacarídeo formado por duas unidades de glicose, cujo papel na interação planta-patógeno é ainda pouco compreendido. Um dos objetivos do trabalho foi obter esta enzima purificada, utilizando um sistema de expressão heteróloga induzível por IPTG (isopropil-β-D-tiogalactosídeo) em E. coli, para fins de caracterização parcial da sua estrutura e atividade. A trealase periplasmática de XAC de origem heteróloga apresentou-se como um monômero relativamente estável em relação ao pH, e de cinética Michaeliana,. A constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km) da enzima para a trealose foi de 0,124 ± 0,015 mM e a Vmáx 17,319 ± 0,035 μMol de glicose.min-1.mg de proteína-1. Análise de dicroísmo circular resultou na seguinte composição de estruturas secundárias: 42,7 % de α-hélices e 13 % de folhas-β. Uma metodologia de nocaute gênico baseada na dupla recombinação homóloga entre o DNA genômico e o vetor suicida pNPTS138 viabilizou a obtenção de uma linhagem mutante deletada no gene que codifica a trealase periplasmática (XAC∆0604), o que possibilitou avaliar a relação entre tal gene e a patogenicidade de XAC em Citrus aurantifolia. Folhas infiltradas com a suspensão de XAC∆0604 apresentaram maior encharcamento e necrose do tecido vegetal, além de intensas pústulas acastanhadas quando comparadas com as folhas infiltradas com XAC selvagem, sugerindo maior virulência da linhagem mutante. A atividade da trealase periplasmática foi comparada em extratos celulares brutos provenientes de cultivos de XAC e XauC em dois meios de cultura, não-indutor de patogenicidade (CN) e indutor de patogenicidade (XAM- M). A bactéria XauC apresentou maior atividade enzimática de trealase em relação à XAC em XAM-M. Sendo assim, a acentuada patogenicidade de XAC∆0604 em relação à linhagem selvagem XAC e a maior atividade da trealase periplasmática de XauC em relação à XAC reforçam os recentes trabalhos que indicam a trealose como promotora da patogenicidade em fitopatógenos

treA Codifies for a Trehalase with Involvement in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Pathogenicity.

Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is a severe disease of citrus. Xcc presents broad spectrum of citrus hosts including economically important species whereas X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii-type C (XauC) causes a milder disease and only infects Citrus aurantifolia. Trehalase catalyzes hydrolysis of the disaccharide trehalose, a sugar that has been reported to be related to Xcc pathogenicity. We expressed the recombinant gene product and assessed Xcc trehalase structural and kinetics data. The recombinant protein presented 42.7% of secondary structures in α-helix and 13% in β-sheets, no quaternary structure in solution, and Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) of 0.077 mM and Vmax 55.308 μMol glucose.min-1.mg protein-1 for trehalose. A Xcc mutant strain (XccΔtreA) was produced by gene deletion from Xcc genome. Enzymatic activity of trehalase was determined in Xcc, XauC and XccΔtreA cellular lysates, showing the highest values for XauC in in vitro infective condition and no activity for XccΔtreA. Finally, leaves of Citrus aurantifolia infected with XccΔtreA showed much more drenching and necrosis than those infected by wild type Xcc. We concluded that trehalase contributes to alleviate bacterial virulence and that inability for trehalose hydrolysis may promote higher Xcc infectivity

Circular dichroism spectrum of TreA.

<p>TreA was analyzed by CD recorded as the mean of eight consecutive readings in the range of 195 to 260 nm. The measurements were performed in a J-815 spectropolarimeter (JASCO) at room temperature using quartz cuvettes of 0.1 cm light path. The values obtained are given in mean residue molar ellipticity (Δε) and the spectrum shows two minimum bands at 219 nm and 208 nm and a negative-positive crossover at 201 nm, typical of structures composed mainly of α-helices.</p

Kinetics studies of recombinant Xcc TreA.

<p>Purified protein was used in reactions with different concentrations of substrate trehalose and monitored for glucose production (Glucose Liquiform, Labtest). For each reaction, the initial velocity was correlated with the respective concentrations of trehalose. Data modeled to Michaelis-Menten equation resulted in a maximum speed (V_max) of 55.308 μmol of glucose.min^-1.mg protein^-1. Michaelis dissociation constant (K_M) for trehalose was 0.077 mM. Error bars represent the mean standard deviation among replicates.</p

TreA activity in Xcc, XauC and XccΔtreA.

<p>The soluble fraction of cell lysates of Xcc, XauC e XACΔtreA grown in LB and XAM-M media were added to trehalose and used in glucose detecting reactions for evaluation of TreA activity. The initial rates of reactions (mM of glucose.L^-1.s^-1) using the cell lysates of Xcc in LB, XauC in LB, Xcc in XAM-M and XauC in XAM-M were: 0.0164, 0.007, 0.0952 and 0.1998, respectively. As expected, cell lysates from XccΔtreA did not present TreA activity. Error bars indicate the absolute mean standard deviation among triplicates.</p

Size-exclusion chromatography of TreA.

<p>TreA was subjected to Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) on a Superdex 200 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) at flow rate 0.5 mL/min in 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM NaCl, and monitored by absorbance at 280 nm. (A) Chromatogram indicating TreA major elution peak around 15 mL. (B) Partition coefficients (Kav) of TreA and proteins used in the SEC calibration curve. TreA elution was modeled as a monomer or dimer and the results indicate that TreA must be a monomer. Pearson's linear correlation coefficient was 0.996 for the calibration curve.</p

treA Codifies for a Trehalase with Involvement in <i>Xanthomonas citri</i> subsp. <i>citri</i> Pathogenicity

<div><p>Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium <i>Xanthomonas citri</i> subsp. <i>citri</i> (Xcc), is a severe disease of citrus. Xcc presents broad spectrum of citrus hosts including economically important species whereas <i>X</i>. <i>fuscans</i> subsp. <i>aurantifolii–</i>type C (XauC) causes a milder disease and only infects <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i>. Trehalase catalyzes hydrolysis of the disaccharide trehalose, a sugar that has been reported to be related to Xcc pathogenicity. We expressed the recombinant gene product and assessed Xcc trehalase structural and kinetics data. The recombinant protein presented 42.7% of secondary structures in α-helix and 13% in β-sheets, no quaternary structure in solution, and Michaelis-Menten constant (K_M) of 0.077 mM and V_max 55.308 μMol glucose.min^-1.mg protein^-1 for trehalose. A Xcc mutant strain (XccΔtreA) was produced by gene deletion from Xcc genome. Enzymatic activity of trehalase was determined in Xcc, XauC and XccΔtreA cellular lysates, showing the highest values for XauC in <i>in vitro</i> infective condition and no activity for XccΔtreA. Finally, leaves of <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i> infected with XccΔtreA showed much more drenching and necrosis than those infected by wild type Xcc. We concluded that trehalase contributes to alleviate bacterial virulence and that inability for trehalose hydrolysis may promote higher Xcc infectivity.</p></div