Population dynamics and growth of perch in a small, humic lake over a 20-year period — importance of abiotic and biotic factors

Peer reviewe

Responses of the fish community in a eutrophicated lake to long-term food web management assessed by multiple sampling methods

Fish community responses to long-term mass removal of planktivorous fish from eutrophicated Lake Tuusulanjarvi were examined during 1996-2018 by gill net test fishing, hydroacoustics with simultaneous trawling, virtual population analysis (VPA) and fish growth measurements. The gillnet catches of white bream and roach increased first while bream and bleak decreased but recovered in the early 2000s. Perch and pikeperch increased but ruffe decreased and remained low. According to hydroacoustics, pelagic fish biomass decreased. Smelt was the most abundant species at the beginning and the end of the monitoring period but bream dominated the fish biomass in most years. VPA calculations indicated a five- and threefold increase in the biomass of bream and white bream, respectively, during 2005-2011. Significant increases appeared in the growth of perch, bream and roach. Overall, the responses in the fish community structure and fish abundance to the food web management were slight and mostly masked by changes in reproduction and growth of fish and annual variability in environmental conditions such as temperature and water turbidity. Gillnet test fishing and echo sounding complemented each other well in monitoring the effects of management fishing. Where bream is one of the dominant species VPA is also recommended.peerReviewe

Urban nitrous-oxide fluxes measured using the eddy-covariance technique in Helsinki, Finland

Peer reviewe

Field intercomparison of four methane gas analyzers suitable for eddy covariance flux measurements

Peer reviewe

Comparison between static chamber and tunable diode laser-based eddy covariance techniques for measuring nitrous oxide fluxes from a cotton field

Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from a cotton field in northern China were measured for a year using the static chamber method based on a gas chromatograph (GC) and the eddy covariance (EC) technique based on a tunable diode laser (TDL). The aims were to compare the N2O fluxes obtained from both techniques, assess the uncertainties in the fluxes and evaluate the annual direct emission factors (EFds, i.e. the loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen via N2O emission) using the year-round datasets. During the experimental period, the hourly and daily mean chamber fluxes ranged from 0.6 to 781.8 and from 1.2 to 468.8 g N m−2 h−1, respectively. The simultaneously measured daily mean EC fluxes varied between −10.8 and 912.0 g N m−2 h−1. The EC measurements only provided trustworthy 30-min fluxes during high-emission period (a 20-day period immediately after the irrigation that followed the nitrogen fertilization event). A reliable comparison was confined to the high-emission period and showed that the chamber fluxes were 17–20% lower than the EC fluxes. This difference may implicate the magnitude of systematic underestimation in the fluxes from chamber measurements. The annual emission from the fertilized cotton field was estimated at 1.43 kg N ha−1 yr−1 by the chamber observations and 3.15 kg N ha−1 yr−1 by the EC measurements. The EFds calculated from the chamber and EC data were 1.04% and 1.65%, respectively. The chamber-based estimate was very close to the default value (1.0%) recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. However, the difference in the EFds based on the two measurement techniques may vary greatly with changing environmental conditions and management practices. Further comparison studies are still needed to elucidate this issue.Peer reviewe

Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from different surface types in a created urban wetland

Many wetlands have been drained due to urbanization, agriculture, forestry or other purposes, which has resulted in a loss of their ecosystem services. To protect receiving waters and to achieve services such as flood control and storm water quality mitigation, new wetlands are created in urbanized areas. However, our knowledge of greenhouse gas exchange in newly created wetlands in urban areas is currently limited. In this paper we present measurements carried out at a created urban wetland in Southern Finland in the boreal climate. We conducted measurements of ecosystem CO2 flux and CH4 flux (FCH4) at the created storm water wetland Gateway in Nummela, Vihti, Southern Finland, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. The measurements were commenced the fourth year after construction and lasted for 1 full year and two subsequent growing seasons. Besides ecosystemscale fluxes measured by the EC tower, the diffusive CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the open-water areas (FwCO(2) and FwCH(4), respectively) were modelled based on measurements of CO2 and CH4 concentration in the water. Fluxes from the vegetated areas were estimated by applying a simple mixing model using the above-mentioned fluxes and the footprintweighted fractional area. The half-hourly footprint-weighted contribution of diffusive fluxes from open water ranged from 0% to 25.5% in 2013. The annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of the studied wetland was 8.0 g C-CO2 m(-2) yr(-1), with the 95% confidence interval between 18:9 and 34.9 g C-CO2 m(-2) yr(-1), and FCH4 was 3.9 g C-CH4 m(-2) yr(-1), with the 95% confidence interval between 3.75 and 4.07 g C-CH4 m(-2) yr(-1). The ecosystem sequestered CO2 during summer months (June-August), while the rest of the year it was a CO2 source. CH4 displayed strong seasonal dynamics, higher in summer and lower in winter, with a sporadic emission episode in the end of May 2013. Both CH4 and CO2 fluxes, especially those obtained from vegetated areas, exhibited strong diurnal cycles during summer with synchronized peaks around noon. The annual FwCO(2) was 297.5 g C-CO2 m(-2) yr(-1) and FwCH(4) was 1.73 g C-CH4 m(-2) yr(-1). The peak diffusive CH4 flux was 137.6 nmol C-CH4 m(-2) s(-1), which was synchronized with the FCH4. Overall, during the monitored time period, the established storm water wetland had a climate-warming effect with 0.263 kgCO(2)-eqm(-2) yr(-1) of which 89% was contributed by CH4. The radiative forcing of the open-water areas exceeded that of the vegetation areas (1.194 and 0.111 kgCO(2)-eqm(-2) yr(-1), respectively), which implies that, when considering solely the climate impact of a created wetland over a 100-year horizon, it would be more beneficial to design and establish wetlands with large patches of emergent vegetation and to limit the areas of open water to the minimum necessitated by other desired ecosystem services.Peer reviewe

Recovery of acidified lakes in Finland and subsequent responses of perch and roach populations

Finnish-lake and fish-status surveys indicated that 4900 small headwater lakes suffered from acidic deposition and 1600–3200 roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) populations were affected or extinct by the end of 1980s. Since the late 1980s, successful sulphur emission reductions in Europe have induced a chemical recovery of acidified lakes. This resulted in decreases in sulphate and labile aluminium concentrations and increases in pH and alkalinity during the 1990s. The first signs of recovery in affected perch populations were observed in the early 1990s. New strong year-classes appeared and the population structure returned to normal. Little if any recovery of the affected populations of the more acid-sensitive species, roach, was recorded. This may have been due to still critical water quality conditions for successful reproduction of sensitive roach and/or organic acid episodes in the 2000s, suppressing the recovery of buffering capacity.Peer reviewe

Aging three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus : comparison of estimates from three structures

In order to assess the accuracy and reliability of age estimates from calcified structures in the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, we evaluated intra and inter-reader repeatability from three structures: otoliths, gill covers and pelvic spines). Average age estimates were also compared between the structures. The overall intra-reader repeatability of age estimates were highest for otoliths (69%), lowest for gill covers (53%) and intermediate for spine cross-sections (63%). Although four of the seven readers had the highest intra-reader repeatability score for spine cross-sections, the inter-reader variance in this structure was much higher than in others. Otoliths were the easiest in terms of their pre-analysis treatment and exchange of materials (as digital images) between readers. In addition, otoliths are more well-studied compared with the other structures with respect to their development through ontogenesis; hence, age estimates based on otoliths should be the most reliable. Therefore, our recommendation is that whenever possible, analysis of otoliths should be the preferred approach for aging G. aculeatus.Peer reviewe

Temporal Variation of Ecosystem Scale Methane Emission From a Boreal Fen in Relation to Temperature, Water Table Position, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes

We have analyzed decade-long methane flux data set from a boreal fen, Siikaneva, together with data on environmental parameters and carbon dioxide exchange. The methane flux showed seasonal cycle but no systematic diel cycle. The highest fluxes were observed in July-August with average value of 73 nmol m(-2) s(-1). Wintertime fluxes were small but positive, with January-March average of 6.7 nmol m(-2) s(-1). Daily average methane emission correlated best with peat temperatures at 20-35 cm depths. The second highest correlation was with gross primary production (GPP). The best correspondence between emission algorithm and measured fluxes was found for a variable-slope generalized linear model (r(2) = 0.89) with peat temperature at 35 cm depth and GPP as explanatory variables, slopes varying between years. The homogeneity of slope approach indicated that seasonal variation explained 79% of the sum of squares variation of daily average methane emission, the interannual variation in explanatory factors 7.0%, functional change 5.3%, and random variation 9.1%. Significant correlation between interannual variability of growing season methane emission and that of GPP indicates that on interannual time scales GPP controls methane emission variability, crucially for development of process-based methane emission models. Annual methane emission ranged from 6.0 to 14 gC m(-2) and was 2.7 +/- 0.4% of annual GPP. Over 10-year period methane emission was 18% of net ecosystem exchange as carbon. The weak relation of methane emission to water table position indicates that space-to-time analogy, used to extrapolate spatial chamber data in time, may not be applicable in seasonal time scales.Peer reviewe

12. Pääsuunnittelijakoulutuksen tutkielmat

Pääsuunnittelijakoulutus on suunnittelun ja johtamisen koulutusohjelma, jonka tavoitteena on tukea pääsuunnittelutehtävissä toimivien asiantuntijoiden edellytyksiä ja valmiuksia vastata tulevaisuuden osaamisvaatimuksiin. Julkaisu sisältää 12. pääsuunnittelijakoulutuksen tutkielmat: (1) Renni Haroma: Arkkitehdin vaikutusmahdollisuudet pääsuunnittelijana KVR-urakassa; tehtävät ja vastuut, sekä onnistuneen lopputuloksen varmistaminen (2) Pontus Högström: Rakennuttajan ja pääsuunnittelijan vastuut pienrakennushankkeessa (3) Outi Jääskeläinen: Pääsuunnittelija kunnallisessa rakennusinvestointihankkeessa (4) Tuomo Kallio: Tietomalli pääsuunnittelijan työkaluna - Muuttuvat ohjeet ja määräykset (5) Sami Karvinen: Rakennesuunnittelija pääsuunnittelijana - Tehtävän erityispiirteet (6) Pauli Koivisto: Pääsuunnittelijan tehtäviä korjausrakentamiskohteissa (7) Mika Kurth: Pääsuunnittelu tietomallihankkeessa - Pääsuunnittelijan, arkkitehdin ja tietomallikoordinaattorin roolit (8) Niklas Mahlberg: Kokemuksia yhteispohjoismaisesta rakennushankkeesta - Case: Teatteri- ja konserttitalo Kilden, Kristiansand, Norja (9) Joni Räisänen: Tietomallintaminen; haasteet ja mahdollisuudet - Tietomallintaminen pääsuunnittelijavetoisessa hankkeessa - Case: Alberga Business Park (10) Sebastian Rönnblad: Pääsuunnittelu tilaajan näkökulmasta (11) Esa Sallinen: Sosiaalinen toimilupa toimitilahankkeessa - vaikutukset pääsuunnittelijan rooliin (12) Kimmo Severinkangas: Pääsuunnittelijan ja rakentamiseen ryhtyvän tehtävä- ja vastuujako vesivoimalaitoksen rakennushankkeessa - Case: Suunnitteilla oleva Sierilän vesivoimalaitoshanke (13) Erki Valdre: Pääsuunnittelun riskienhallinta - Laatujärjestelmä riskienhallintavälineenä (14) Riitta Vesala: Verkostojohtamis- ja esimiestaidot pääsuunnittelijan tehtävässä