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The Psy-Security-Curriculum ensemble: British Values curriculum policy in English schools
Framed as being in response to terrorist attacks and concerns about religious bias in some English schools, âBritish Valuesâ (BV) curriculum policy forms part of the British Governmentâs Counter-Terrorism and Security Act, 2015. This includes a Duty on teachers in England to actively promote British Values to deter students from radicalisation. This paper, first, traces the history of Britishness in the curriculum to reveal a prevalence of nationalistic, colonial values. Next, an ensemble of recent policies and speeches focusing on British Values is analysed, using a psycho-political approach informed by anti-colonial scholarship. Finally, we interrogate two key critiques of the British Values curriculum discourse: the universality of British Values globally, and concerns over the securitisation of education. Findings indicate that the constitution of white British supremacist subjectivities operate through curriculum as a defence mechanism against perceived threats to white privilege, by normalising a racialised state-controlled social order. The focus is on âBritishâ values, but the analytic framework and findings have wider global significance
Dose escalation improves therapeutic outcome: post hoc analysis of data from a 12-week, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group trial of trospium chloride in patients with urinary urge incontinence
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Flexible dosing of anticholinergics used for overactive bladder (OAB) treatment is a useful strategy in clinical practice for achieving a maximum effective and maximum tolerated level of therapeutic benefit. In this post hoc analysis we evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of trospium chloride treatment for urinary urge incontinence (UUI) with focus on flexible dosing.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The data came from a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, phase IIIb study in which 1658 patients with urinary frequency plus urge incontinence received trospium chloride 15 mg TID (n = 828) or 2.5 mg oxybutynin hydrochloride TID (n = 830). After four weeks, daily doses were doubled and not readjusted in 29.2% (242/828) of patients in the trospium group, and in 23.3% (193/830) in the oxybuytnin group, until the end of treatment. We assessed the absolute reduction in weekly UUI episodes and the change in intensity of dry mouth, recorded in patients' micturition diaries. Adverse events were also evaluated. Statistics were descriptive.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Dose escalation of either trospium or oxybutynin increased reduction in UUI episodes in the population studied. At study end, there were no relevant differences between the "dose adjustment" subgroups and the respective "no dose adjustment" subgroups (trospium: <it>P </it>= 0.249; oxybutynin: <it>P </it>= 0.349). After dose escalation, worsening of dry mouth was higher in both dose adjusted subgroups compared to the respective "no dose adjustment" subgroups (<it>P </it>< 0.001). Worsening of dry mouth was lower in the trospium groups than in the oxybutynin groups (<it>P </it>< 0.001). Adverse events were increased in the dose adjusted subgroups.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Flexible dosing of trospium was proven to be as effective, but better tolerated as the officially approved adjusted dose of oxybutynin.</p> <p>Trial registration (parent study)</p> <p>The study was registered with the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM, Berlin, Germany), registration number 4022383, as required at the time point of planning this study.</p
Precision Electroweak Tests of the Standard Model
The present status of precision electroweak data is reviewed. These data
include measurements of e+e- -> f+fbar, taken at the Z resonance at LEP, which
are used to determine the mass and width of the Z boson. In addition,
measurements have also been made of the forward-backward asymmetries for
leptons and heavy quarks, and also the final state polarisation of the
tau-lepton. At SLAC, where the electron beam was polarised, measurements were
made of the left-right polarised asymmetry, A_LR, and the left-right
forward-backward asymmetries for b and c quarks.
The mass, MW, and width, GW, of the W boson have been measured at the
Tevatron and at LEP, and the mass of the top quark, Mt, has been measured at
the Tevatron. These data, plus other electroweak data, are used in global
electroweak fits in which various Standard Model parameters are determined. A
comparison is made between the results of the direct measurements of MW and Mt
with the indirect results coming from electroweak radiative corrections. Using
all precision electroweak data fits are also made to determine limits on the
mass of the Higgs boson. The influence on these limits of specific
measurements, particularly those which are somewhat inconsistent with the
Standard Model, is explored. The data are also analysed in terms of the quasi
model-independent epsilon variables.
Finally, the impact on the electroweak fits of the improvements in the
determination of the W-boson and top-quark masses, expected from the Tevatron
Run 2, is examined.Comment: 80 pages, 36 Figures, Late
Spelling dyslexia:a defict of the visual word form
A patient with spelling dyslexia read both words and text accurately but slowly and laboriously letter by letter. Her performance on a test of lexical decision was slow. She had great difficulty in detecting a 'rogue' letter attached to the beginning or end of a word--for example, ksong--or in parsing two unspaced words, such as applepeach. By contrast she was immune to the effects of interpolating extraneous coloured letters in a word, a manipulation that affects normal readers. Therefore it is argued that this patient had damage to an early stage in the reading process, to the visual word form itself
Technological Revolution, Sustainability and Development in Africa: Overview, Emerging Issues and Challenges
The paper examines the silent technological revolution in subâSaharan Africa focusing on emerging issues and challenges. In view of the centrality of technology diffusion in fostering local innovations and economic development in developing countries, it is surprising that our understanding of the challenges and opportunities in scalingâup technologies remains limited. This paper capitalises on the ongoing silent technological revolution in subâSaharan Africa to present an overview of how new technologies have been adopted and utilised to achieve sustainability. The study identified a host of factors such as weak regulatory enforcement systems, lack of financial credit availability, and limited banking services, which have created conditions for technological innovations such as mobile phoneâbased banking, mPedigree, âcardiopad,â and MâPEPEA to emerge. The public policy implications and directions for future research are identified and examined
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