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Plasma-activation of larger liquid volumes by an inductively-limited discharge for antimicrobial purposes
A new configuration of a discharge chamber and power source for the treatment of up to 1 L of liquid is presented. A leakage transformer, energizing two metal electrodes positioned above the liquid, limits the discharge current inductively by utilizing the weak magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary coils. No additional means to avoid arcing (electric short-circuiting), e.g., dielectric barriers or resistors, are needed. By using this technique, exceeding the breakdown voltage leads to the formation of transient spark discharges, producing non-thermal plasma (NTP). These discharges effected significant changes in the properties of the treated liquids (distilled water, physiological saline solution, and tap water). Considerable concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were detected after the plasma treatment. Furthermore, all tested liquids gained strong antibacterial efficacy which was shown by inactivating suspended Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Plasma-treated tap water had the strongest effect, which is shown for the first time. Additionally, the pH-value of tap water did not decrease during the plasma treatment, and its conductivity increased less than for the other tested liquids. © 2019 by the authors
Eastern genetic connections of two nomadic populations in the early medieval Carpathian Basin.
The Carpathian Basin in Central Europe was settled by various nomadic populations from Asia in several migration waves
during the Early Middle Ages. Here we present medieval ancient DNA from Avars and Hungarian Conquerors from the Carpathian
Basin, as well as some ancient individuals from the Volga-Ural region and Western Siberia. We describe here their
maternal genetic composition and highlight their connections to populations of Northeast and Central-Asia. We focus on the
phylogeny of selected Asian mitochondrial lineages, belonging to haplogroups A12a, D4j and Y1a, which were detected in the
aforementioned ancient populations
Maternal Genetic Composition of Early Medieval Populations Lived in the Cis- and Trans-Ural and Volga-Kama Regions
Many scientific theories exist about the origin of Hungarians and their migration from Northern Central
Asia to Europe in the 8th–9th centuries AD. Ethnic heterogeneity of the Hungarian Conquerors is attested by
a number of historical and archaeological evidence due to their associated migration with other populations
from the Ural region through the Middle-Volga region (and the Khazar Khaganate) until their arrival in the
Carpathian Basin in 895 AD. The source region, direction, and chronology of the migration is still unclear
and intensively studied by historians, archaeologists and linguists. In our studies, we approach these issues
using archaeogenetic methodology. We investigate early medieval (6th–10th AD) populations from the regions
of the Ural Mountains, the presumed migration route and the Carpathian Basin. The sites can be associated
with each other and the Hungarian Conquerors as well. Remains of the first cultures (Kushnarenkovo and
Karayakupovo) associated with Hungarian prehistory are from the Middle and Southern Urals. Investigating
whole mitochondrial genomes, our first series came from the eastern (Uyelgi) and western (Bayanovo, Sukhoy
Log, Bartim) side of the Middle-Southern Urals. As a continuation we included samples from the Volga-Kama
region, with special attention to Bolshie Tigani site. We might get a better picture of the migration route and
can map its stages and stopovers in a genetic context by extending our database with mitochondrial data from
the presented series
Early Medieval Genetic Data from Ural Region Evaluated in the Light of Archaeological Evidence of Ancient Hungarians
The ancient Hungarians originated from the Ural region of Russia, and migrated through the Middle-Volga region and the Eastern European steppe into the Carpathian Basin during the 9th century AD. Their Homeland was probably in the southern Trans-Ural region, where the Kushnarenkovo culture disseminated. In the Cis-Ural region Lomovatovo and Nevolino cultures are archaeologically related to ancient Hungarians. In this study we describe maternal and paternal lineages of 36 individuals from these regions and nine Hungarian Conquest period individuals from today’s Hungary, as well as shallow shotgun genome data from the Trans-Uralic Uyelgi cemetery. We point out the genetic continuity between the three chronological horizons of Uyelgi cemetery, which was a burial place of a rather endogamous population. Using phylogenetic and population genetic analyses we demonstrate the genetic connection between Trans-, Cis-Ural and the Carpathian Basin on various levels. The analyses of this new Uralic dataset fill a gap of population genetic research of Eurasia, and reshape the conclusions previously drawn from 10-11th century ancient mitogenomes and Y-chromosomes from Hungary
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