The use of Immunodiagnostic Techniques in Sheep for the Epidemiological Surveillance of Cystic Echinococcosis

Objective: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosussensu lato. Immunodiagnostic techniques such as Western blot (WB) or enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA), with different antigens, can be applied to the diagnosis ofsheep for epidemiological surveillance purposes in control programs. However, its use islimited by the existence of antigenic cross-reactivity between different species of taeniidaepresent in sheep. Therefore, the usefulness of establishing surveillance systems based on theidentification of infection present in a livestock establishment, known as the (Epidemiological)Implementation Unit (IU), needs to be evaluated.Materials and Methods: A new ELISA diagnostic technique has been recently developed andvalidated using the recombinant EgAgB8/2 antigen for the detection of antibodies against E.granulosus. To determine detection of infection at the IU level using information from thisdiagnostic technique, simulations were carried out to evaluate the sample size required toclassify IUs as likely infected, using outputs from a recently developed Bayesian latent classanalysis model.Results: Relatively small samples sizes (between 14-29) are sufficient to achieve a highprobability of detection (above 80%), across a range of prevalence, with the recentlyrecommended Optical Density cut-off value for this novel ELISA (0.496), which optimizesdiagnostic sensitivity and specificity.Conclusions: This diagnostic technique could be potentially used to identify the prevalence ofinfection in an area under control, measured as the percentage of IUs with the presence ofinfected sheep (infection present), or to individually identify the IU with ongoing transmission,given the presence of infected lambs, on which control measures should be intensified.Fil: Poggio, Thelma Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein". Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein"; ArgentinaFil: Mujica, Guillermo Bernardo. Ministerio de Salud de Rio Negro; ArgentinaFil: Prada, Joaquin M.. University of Surrey; Reino UnidoFil: Larrieu, Edmundo Juan. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin

Evaluation of metabolic syndrome in adults of Talca city, Chile

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome according ATP and IDF definition by age

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evaluation of metabolic syndrome in adults of Talca city, Chile"</p><p>http://www.nutritionj.com/content/7/1/14</p><p>Nutrition Journal 2008;7():14-14.</p><p>Published online 15 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2397433.</p><p></p

Assessment of Heterotrophic Nitrification Capacity in Bacillus spp. and its Potential Application in the Removal of Nitrogen from Aquaculture Water

The accumulation of nitrogen (-N) is a serious problem in aquaculture as it could lead to mass mortality events of the cultivated species. Chemilitotrophic nitrification is the most recognized in nitrogen removal underestimating the role of heterotrophic nitrifiers. In the present study, the heterotrophic nitrification capacity of 8 bacterial strains isolated from mangrove soil, periphyton and biofilters was evaluated. The strains were grown in heterotrophic nitrification base medium (HNM medium) with three different nitrogen sources, ammonium, nitrite or nitrate at a final concentration of 8 mg L-1, 5 mg L-1 and 80 mg L-1 respectively. The concentration of nitrogen (-N) and OD (600 nm) were determined periodically. Only in 4 strains belonging to the Bacillus genus was the capacity for heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification observed. Among these strains, SM4 strain presented a good removal profile of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, achieving an average nitrification efficiency of 98.33 ± 2.89%, 83.67 ± 7.51% and 98.00 ± 0.01% respectively, and a nitrification rate (mg L-1 h-1) of 1.71 ± 0.70, 0.13 ± 0.07 and 0.21 ± 0.06 respectively. The nxrB, nirS, nirK genes in the selected strains were identified by PCR. Additionally, several proteins (enzymes) involved in the nitrogen cycle were identified by proteomic analysis, reporting for the first time the presence of the enzymes ammonia monoxygenase (AMO) and nitrite oxide reductase (NXR) in the genus Bacillus. These findings suggest that the strains studied would have a potential use in the biological removal of nitrogen in aquaculture systems

Vacinação com EG95 contra a equinococose cística ovina na província de Río Negro: análise de 12 anos de trabalho

Equinococosis quística (EQ) es una enfermedad zoonótica causada por el estadío larval del complejo Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. En el año 2009 en la Provincia de Rio Negro se agregó la vacunación de corderos con EG95, la desparasitación de perros con praziquantel lográndose disminuir la prevalencia de la infección en los diferentes hospederos. Sin embargo, los estudios de impacto señalaron la necesi-dad de mejorar la comprensión de la epidemiologia local.Objetivo: identificar causas que pueden generar aun infección en los perrosMateriales y métodos: se determinó la prevalencia de EQ en capri-nos y ovinos adultos mediante necropsia y por serología (ELISA). El análisis epidemiológico se completó con una encuesta a los producto-res sobre hábitos de faena para consumo.Resultados: Mediante serología. las diferencias en la tasa de in-fección entre ovinos vacunados y no vacunados resulto significativa (p=0.0004); entre ovinos no vacunados y cabras no vacunadas resulto significativa (p= 0.0013) y entre ovejas vacunadas y cabras no vacu-nadas resultaron no significativas (p= 0.254). Mediante necropsia las diferencias en la tasa de infección entre ovinos vacunados y no vacu-nados resulto significativa (p=0.0016); entre ovinos no vacunados y cabras no vacunadas resulto significativa (p= 0.0016 y entre ovejas va-cunadas y cabras no vacunadas resultaron no significativas (p= 0.23). El relevamiento de la faena de animales para consumo en 41 produc-tores mostro que 21 faenan en promedio 18 cabras mensuales y entre 36 faenan 35 ovejas viejas mensuales.Conclusión: El diseño y la implementación del programa resultaron costo – efectivas, en tanto ha podido sostenerse a través del tiempo demostrando impacto en la disminución de la prevalencia en los dis-tintos hospedadores.Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by species of the complex Echinococcus granulosus, sensu lato in their larval stage. It is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, where lamb vaccination with EG95 was incorporated in 2009 with very good results: in fact, it contributed to a significant drop in prevalence of infection in diverse hosts. However, impact studies have revealed the need to improve understanding of local epidemiology. The objective was to identify causes which can still generate infection in dogs. In indigenous reserves comprised within the area of lamb vaccination with 3 doses of EG95, prevalence in adult caprines and ovines was determined by necropsy and serology (ELISA). Through serology, infection rates in vaccinated and non-vaccinated ovines were significantly different (p= 0.0004), as well as between non-vaccinated ovines and goats (p= 0.0013); on the other hand, infection rate differences between vaccinated sheep and non-vaccinated goats turned out non-significant (p= 0.254). Through necropsy, such difference between vaccinated and non-vaccinated ovines turned out significant (p= 0.0016); between non-vaccinated ovines and non-vaccinated goats, it proved non-significant (p= 0.23). With reference to epidemiology and control along the period 2018- 2022, vaccination strategy was maintained, and 2 extra deworming tasks were introduced, performed by the vaccination team. Assessment of animal slaughter for consumption in 41 producers showed that 21 of them slaughter a monthly average of 18 goats, and 36 in all slaughter 35 old sheep. Design and implementation of programme resulted cost-effective, since it was possible to maintain them over time, with clear impact on prevalence decrease in diverse hosts.A equinococose cística (EQ) é uma zoonose causada pela fase larval do complexo Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Em 2009, na Província de Rio Negro, foram adicionadas a vacinação de cordeiros com EG95 e a desparasitação de cães com praziquantel, obtendo-se uma redução na prevalência da infecção nos diferentes hospedeiros. No entanto, os estudos de impacto apontaram para a necessidade de melhorar o entendimento da epidemiologia local. Objetivo: identificar causas que ainda podem gerar infecção em cães. Materiais e métodos: a prevalência de EQ em caprinos e ovinos adultos foi determinada por necropsia e por sorologia (ELISA). A análise epidemiológica foi completada com um levantamento dos produtores sobre os hábitos de abate para consumo. Resultados: Por sorologia. as diferenças na taxa de infecção entre ovinos vacinados e não vacinados foram significativas (p=0,0004); entre ovinos não vacinados e caprinos não vacinados foi significativo (p= 0,0013) e entre ovinos vacinados e caprinos não vacinados não foi significativo (p= 0,254). Pela necropsia, as diferenças na taxa de infecção entre ovinos vacinados e não vacinados foram significativas (p=0,0016); entre ovinos não vacinados e caprinos não vacinados foi significativa (p= 0,0016 e entre ovinos vacinados e caprinos não vacinados não foi significativa (p= 0,23). O levantamento do abate de animais para consumo em 41 produtores mostrou que 21 abates em média 18 cabras mensais e entre 36 abatem 35 ovelhas velhas mensalmente. Conclusão: O desenho e a implementação do programa foram custo-efetivos, pois se manteve ao longo do tempo, mostrando impacto na diminuição da prevalência em diferentes acolhimentos.Fil: Labanchi, Jose Luis. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Poggio, Thelma Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein". Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein"; ArgentinaFil: Mujica, Guillermo Bernardo. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Gutierrez, Ariadna. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación.Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán"; ArgentinaFil: Araya, Daniel. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Grizmado, Claudia. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Calabro, Arnoldo. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Crowley, Pablo Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Arezo, Marcos. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Seleiman, Marcos. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Herrero, Eduardo. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Sepulveda, Luis. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Talmon, Gabriel. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Diaz, Oscar. Ministerio de Salud ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Rio Negro;Fil: Larrieu, Edmundo Juan. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentin

Analysis of vaccination strategy against cystic echinococcosis developed in the Province of Río Negro, Argentina: 12 years of work

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by species of the complex Echinococcus granulosus, sensu lato in their larval stage. It is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, where small farmers generally have both sheep and goats. Lamb vaccination with EG95 was incorporated in 2009 with very good results: in fact, it contributed to a significant drop in prevalence of infection in both sheep and goats, when determined by necropsy and serology in 2018. In the design of the activity, it was decided not to vaccinate goats in order to minimize the operational requirements of vaccination and comments from producers about the rarity of observing hydatid cysts in goat viscera were considered. Objective: To identify causes which can still generate infection in dogs, and to detect species/genotypes in circulation in the province of Río Negro. Materials and methods: In indigenous reserves comprised within the area of lamb vaccination with 3 doses of EG95, (dose 1 in December, dose 2 in January and dose 3 in December of the year following, at the time of application of dose 1 to the new lambs). Prevalence in adult goats and sheep was determined by necropsy and serology (ELISA). Infective species/genotypes present in the work area and in the rest of the province of Río Negro were identified by Cox1 mitochondrial gene sequencing. Epidemiological analysis was completed with surveys among farmers about slaughter habits for human consumption. Results: Through serology and necropsy, infection rates in vaccinated and nonvaccinated sheep were significantly different (21% versus 66%). Non-vaccinated sheep and non-vaccinated goats were also significantly different in that there was less infection in goats compared to sheep (7% versus 66% for necropsy, 30% versus 61% for serology); After many years of sheep vaccination the infection positives were low, and differences between vaccinated sheep and non-vaccinated goats turned out non-significant (21% versus 7%). With reference to epidemiology and control along the period 2018–2022, PZQ dosing of dogs 4 times a year was maintained, and 2 extra deworming tasks were introduced together with dose 1 and 2 of EG95, performed by the veterinary vaccination team, ensuring the ingestion of PZQ by dogs. Assessment of animal slaughter for consumption in 41 producers showed that 21 of them slaughter a monthly average of 18 goats (an average of 0.43 goat per month per farm) and 36 in all slaughter 35 old sheep in a year (average of 0.85 sheep per month per farm). With respect to identification of species/genotypes as from 2010, genotypes G1 have been found in 11 sheep (out of which 6 belong to vaccination zone) and genotypes G7, in one pig. A goat cyst within vaccination zone turned out unfertile and it was not possible to sequence it. Conclusion: Design and implementation of a vaccine programme combined with the use of PZQ resulted as cost-effective, since it was possible to maintain the vaccine over time, with clear impact on prevalence decrease in sheep and goats.Fil: Labanchi, Jose Luis. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Poggio, Thelma Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein". Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein"; ArgentinaFil: Gutiérrez, Ariana. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación.Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán"; ArgentinaFil: Mujica, Guillermo Bernardo. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Araya, Daniel. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Grizmado, Claudia. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Calabro, Arnoldo. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Crowley, Pablo Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Arezo, Marcos. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Seleiman, Marcos. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Herrero, Eduardo. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Sepulveda, Luis. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Talmon, Gabriel. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Oscar. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Larrieu, Edmundo Juan. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentin

Pilot Field Trial of the EG95 Vaccine Against Ovine Cystic Echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: Second Study of Impact

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. It occurs in many parts of the world where pastoral activities predominate, including the Rio Negro province of Argentina. Although CE control activities have been undertaken in the western regions of Rio Negro for more than two decades, the disease continues to remain prevalent in both the human and livestock animal populations. Vaccination of animal intermediate hosts of CE with the EG95 vaccine may provide a new opportunity to improve the effectiveness of CE control measures, although data are lacking about field application of the vaccine. Aims: Evaluate the impact of EG95 vaccination in sheep on the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in a field environment. Methodology: Two trial sites were established in western Rio Negro province within indigenous communities. Vaccination of lambs born into one trial site was introduced and continued for 6 years. Prior to initiation of the trial, and at the end of the trial, the prevalence of CE in sheep was determined by necropsy. Weaned lambs received two injections of EG95 vaccine, approximately one month apart, and a single booster injection one year later. Vaccination was not implemented at the second trial site. A total of 2725 animals were vaccinated in the first year. Animals from this cohort as well as age-matched sheep from the control area were evaluated by necropsy. Key results: Introduction of the vaccine led to a statistically significant in the number and size of hydatid cysts in comparison to the situation prior to the introduction of the vaccine, or compared to CE prevalence in the control area where the vaccine was not applied. The prevalence of infection in the vaccinated area was also significantly reduced by 62% compared to the re-intervention level, being lower than the prevalence seen in the control area, although the difference from the control area after the intervention was not significant possibly due to limitations in the numbers of animals available for necropsy. Conclusions: Vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine provides a valuable new tool which improves the effectiveness of CE control activities. Vaccination was effective even in a difficult, remote environment where only approximately half the lambs born into the communities were fully vaccinated.Fil: Larrieu, Edmundo Juan. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Mujica, Guillermo. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Gauci, Charles G.. University of Melbourne; AustraliaFil: Vizcaychipi, Katherina. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; Argentina. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Seleiman, Marcos. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Herrero, Eduardo. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Labanchi, José Luis. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Araya, Daniel. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Sepúlveda, Luis. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Grizmado, Claudia. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Calabro, Arnoldo. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Talmon, Gabriel. Provincia de Río Negro, Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Poggio, Thelma Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein". Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología ; ArgentinaFil: Crowley, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Cespedes, Graciela. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; ArgentinaFil: Santillán, Graciela. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; ArgentinaFil: García Cachau, Mariela. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Lamberti, Roberto. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Gino, Lilia. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Donadeu, Meritxell. University of Melbourne; AustraliaFil: Lightowlers, Marshall W.. University of Melbourne; Australi

Pilot field trial of the EG95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: Humoral response to the vaccine

Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in the Rio Negro province of Argentina and, for this, a control program using praziquantel in dogs was developed from 1980. The transmission rate to humans and sheep has decreased significantly, however transmission persists. In 2009 the vaccination of sheep with EG95 was incorporated in some areas of the province. The objective of the study was to evaluate the humoral responses to the vaccine EG95. Lambs received two vaccinations with the EG95 vaccine followed by a single booster injection when the animals were 1-1.5 years of age. Blood samples from 6 vaccinated groups and 4 no vaccinated sheep were obtained for determination of antibody titles against EG95 protein. Anti-EG95 responses were determined as described by Heath and Koolaard, 2012. Responses were evaluated from 331 animals. Median ELISA absorbance values in vaccinated group was 0.828, and in non-vaccinated groups was 0.218. EG95 antibody responses in sheep from different cohorts of non-immunized control groups and vaccinated groups reveal the sustained increase in response seen in animals following the third immunization. (p< 0.0001). Significant differences are also evidenced in ANOVA test (p< 0.001). An anti-EG95 antibody response was induced in all groups of immunized sheep, 4 times higher (0.828) than the mean observed in the control groups (0.218). Data described here indicate that following a third vaccination with the EG95 vaccine at 1 year of age the specific IgG responses detected in the serum of sheep increased to a level greater than that seen following the second immunization and that this response was maintained longitudinally over time, for at least 5 years.Fil: Larrieu, Edmundo Juan. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Poggio, Thelma Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein". Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología ; ArgentinaFil: Mujica, Guillermo. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Gauci, Charles G.. University of Melbourne; AustraliaFil: Labanchi, Jose Luis. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Herrero, Eduardo. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Araya, Daniel. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Grizmado, Claudia. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Calabro, Arnoldo. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Talmon, Gabriel. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Crowley, Pablo Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Santillán, Graciela. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Departamento de Parasitología; ArgentinaFil: Vizcaychipi, Katherina. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Departamento de Parasitología; ArgentinaFil: Seleiman, Marcos. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Sepulveda, Luis. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Arezo, Marcos. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: García Cachau, Mariela Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Lamberti, Roberto. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Gino, Lilia Mabel. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Donadeu, Meritxell. University of Melbourne; AustraliaFil: Lightowlers, Marshall W.. University of Melbourne; Australi