Preliminary chemical and physical evaluation of some formulated feeds for P. monodon

The culture of Penaeus monodon has explicitly defined the need for diet formulations or supplementary feeds that would promote optimum growth and survival of the animal. A total of 28 feed combinations were developed for P. monodon. Fish meal, shrimp head meal, squid head meal, Ascetes spp. rice bran, and soybean cake were used as primary ingredients in these feeds. The commercial vitamin mix No. 22 was added to the dry ingredients. Gelatinized corn starch and wheat flour were used as binders. The pellets were extruded using a portable kitchen grinder with a diameter of 4 mm. The products were either sun-dried for 8 hours or oven-dried overnight at 50 degree C to stabilize moisture at 8-10%. The pellets were then kept in covered glass bottles and stored in the laboratory at room temperature. The cost of the feeds excluding labour were also computed. The pellets were analyzed for protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fiber, ash, and moisture contents using standard procedures. They were also analyzed for water stability. To test the stability of pellets in water, 2-g samples were placed in plankton nets (mesh #40) and suspended in water for two, and six hours. The undissolved samples were then vacuum-dried and the moisture determined. Cost of the feeds ranged from P1.10 to P2.60 per kg depending on the feed ingredient. Squid and Ascetes spp. were rather expensive for use as basic ingredients. Proximate analysis of dry weight showed percentage protein content ranged from 20-63 g; fat, 8-20 g; carbohydrate (by difference), 11-36 g; ash, 8-28 g; moisture, 6-11 g; and crude fiber, 5 . 13 g. Stability tests showed that after two hours, 35-88% of solids remained intact and after 6 hours, 20-55% of the pellets remained undissolved. When a pellet disintegrates easily, pollution of the water occurs. Chances for the shrimp to feed on the pellet is minimized when the pellet is unstable. Thus, the search for a more compact feed pellet has to be continued

Amino acid analysis of P. monodon muscle

Figures for the amino acid composition of Penaeus monodon, are tabulated, and compared to those for white tuna meat

Vulnerabilidad social y gestión prospectiva del riesgo de desastres ante sismos en Lomo de Corvina, Villa el Salvador, Lima-2022

Lomo de Corvina presenta problemas de organización en el tema de prevención ante desastres naturales por estar asentado sobre un área de alta vulnerabilidad sísmica, ya que esta zona se ocupó informalmente. En este contexto, el tema de investigación busca determinar el impacto de la vulnerabilidad social en la gestión prospectiva del riesgo de desastres. Se empleó el enfoque cualitativo y un diseño fenomenológico de corte transversal, así mismo se realizó un estudio previo el cual nos permitió identificar el grado de vulnerabilidad social en Lomo de Corvina, posterior a ello se aplicó entrevistas a un total de 14 individuos el cual se aplicaron de manera equitativa a 5 puntos representativos de la zona de estudio, se requirieron los siguientes instrumentos: cuadros de medición, guía de entrevistas, fichas documentales y fotográficas. De acuerdo a los objetivos planteados en la investigación, se dio como resultado que el impacto de la vulnerabilidad social es negativa inversa en la gestión prospectiva del riesgo de desastres, concluyendo que el grado de la vulnerabilidad social es alta mientras que de la gestión prospectiva es ba

Induction of Selective Blood-Tumor Barrier Permeability and Macromolecular Transport by a Biostable Kinin B1 Receptor Agonist in a Glioma Rat Model

Treatment of malignant glioma with chemotherapy is limited mostly because of delivery impediment related to the blood-brain tumor barrier (BTB). B1 receptors (B1R), inducible prototypical G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) can regulate permeability of vessels including possibly that of brain tumors. Here, we determine the extent of BTB permeability induced by the natural and synthetic peptide B1R agonists, LysdesArg9BK (LDBK) and SarLys[dPhe8]desArg9BK (NG29), in syngeneic F98 glioma-implanted Fischer rats. Ten days after tumor inoculation, we detected the presence of B1R on tumor cells and associated vasculature. NG29 infusion increased brain distribution volume and uptake profiles of paramagnetic probes (Magnevist and Gadomer) at tumoral sites (T1-weighted imaging). These effects were blocked by B1R antagonist and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors, but not by B2R antagonist and non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Consistent with MRI data, systemic co-administration of NG29 improved brain tumor delivery of Carboplatin chemotherapy (ICP-Mass spectrometry). We also detected elevated B1R expression in clinical samples of high-grade glioma. Our results documented a novel GPCR-signaling mechanism for promoting transient BTB disruption, involving activation of B1R and ensuing production of COX metabolites. They also underlined the potential value of synthetic biostable B1R agonists as selective BTB modulators for local delivery of different sized-therapeutics at (peri)tumoral sites

Amino Acid Profiles In The Midgut, Ovary, Developing Eggs And Zoes Of The Mud Crab, Scylla Serrata

Culture of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, is beset by low and inconsistent survival of larvae in spite of the high fecundity of crab breeders. The nutrition of the embryo and pre-feeding zoea depends on what is stored in the egg. The protein and free amino acid contents of the midgut gland, ovary, eggs, pre-feeding zoea, live food and a maintenance diet for broodstock were analyzed by HPLC. The maintenance diet had lower arginine, histidine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan than the ovary and egg. The midgut had higher phenylalanine and valine and lower leucine, methionine and tryptophan than the ovary. Amino acid profiles in the ovary, egg and zoea showed that methionine was highest in the ovary and leucine was highest in the zoea. Low val- ues were observed for isoleucine and valine in ovary, arginine in egg, methionine and pheny- lalanine in zoea. When live foods were compared to zoea, histidine in Brachionus, leucine and tryptophan in Artemia, and arginine, leucine and valine in Acartia were low. Essential free amino acids in fertilized eggs were 2.5 times higher than in unfertilized eggs. Arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine and threonine decreased with egg embryogenesis, suggesting that these are the major free amino acids utilized as the egg develops. Information on egg and zoea amino acids can be used to predict viable crab eggs while information on amino acid profiles in the ovary, egg and zoea can be used to develop broodstock diets. Identification of limiting amino acids in live foods can be used to develop larvae diets

Interaction between dietary levels of calcium and phosphorus on growth of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon

Information on the dietary phosphorus (P) requirement is essential in the formulation of a cost-effective and low-pollutant feed. Ten isonitrogenous (40% CP) casein–gelatin-based diets containing five graded levels of P (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%) for each of two levels of calcium (Ca) (0, 1.5%) were fed to juvenile Penaeus monodon previously fed a basal diet containing no P and Ca for 15 days. After 90 days, survival ranged from 70% to 87% but was not significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments. A significant Ca and P interaction was obtained in percent weight gain. Shrimp fed with diet containing 0.5% supplemental P (0.74% total P) without Ca supplementation showed a significantly higher weight gain. For total biomass of shrimp, analysis of variance showed no significant interaction between Ca and P level, but significant differences were obtained among P levels when averaged over two Ca levels. The graded levels of P did not affect shrimp whole body P (1.07–1.13%). Whole body P was not a good index in determining the P requirement of P. monodon. In the absence of Ca, 0.5% supplemental P (0.74% total P) provided maximum growth of P. monodon postlarvae. The level of Ca should be reduced in formulating diets to minimize supplemental P, thereby effecting savings in feed cost and less loss of P to the water system

Growth and survival of juvenile tiger shrimp fed diet where fish meal is partially replaced with papaya (Carica papaya L.) or camote (Ipomea batatas Lam.) leaf meal

Fish meal is the major protein source in shrimp and fish diets but its continuous use would make it scarce and expensive. There are, however, potential substitutes like soybean or leaf meals. Papaya or camote leaf meals have not been tested as partial replacement for fish meal in diets for tiger shrimp. Thus, two feeding trials were made to test diets with leaf meals against a control shrimp diet. Both experiments used 50 mg shrimp stocked at 10 per 40 liters of sea water following standard water management. Trial 1 had diets containing either 17% soaked or unsoaked camote leaf meal or 16% papaya leaf meal. Results indicated that weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the unsoaked papaya were similar to the control, higher than the unsoaked camote, but not significantly different (α= 0.05) from the soaked camote and papaya groups. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. Trial 2 used the best diet from Trial 1 - unsoaked papaya leaf meal - at 16%, 19% or 22% of the diet. The weight gain (1846%) of the shrimp fed 16% papaya leaf meal was not significantly different (α= 0.05) from the control 2034% but higher than the 22% group (1535%). Therefore, papaya leaf meal can partially replace (10%) animal protein in shrimp diets and serve as a source of exogenous proteolytic enzyme. However, its efficacy in culturing shrimp in ponds must be tested

Amino acid profiles in the midgut, ovary, developing eggs and zoea of the mud crab, Scylla serrata

Culture of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, is beset by low and inconsistent survival of larvae in spite of the high fecundity of crab breeders. The nutrition of the embryo and pre-feeding zoea depends on what is stored in the egg. The protein and free amino acid contents of the midgut gland, ovary, eggs, pre-feeding zoea, live food and a maintenance diet for broodstock were analyzed by HPLC. The maintenance diet had lower arginine, histidine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan than the ovary and egg. The midgut had higher phenylalanine and valine and lower leucine, methionine and tryptophan than the ovary. Amino acid profiles in the ovary, egg and zoea showed that methionine was highest in the ovary and leucine was highest in the zoea. Low val- ues were observed for isoleucine and valine in ovary, arginine in egg, methionine and pheny- lalanine in zoea. When live foods were compared to zoea, histidine in Brachionus, leucine and tryptophan in Artemia, and arginine, leucine and valine in Acartia were low. Essential free amino acids in fertilized eggs were 2.5 times higher than in unfertilized eggs. Arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine and threonine decreased with egg embryogenesis, suggesting that these are the major free amino acids utilized as the egg develops. Information on egg and zoea amino acids can be used to predict viable crab eggs while information on amino acid profiles in the ovary, egg and zoea can be used to develop broodstock diets. Identification of limiting amino acids in live foods can be used to develop larvae diets