28 research outputs found

    Evaluation intégrée des mesures agro-environnementales territorialisées à enjeu "qualité des eaux" sur la période 2007 à 2011 : le projet MAEVEAU

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    The MAEVEAU project has developed an approach for an integrated assessment of effectiveness of regionalized Agro-Environmental Measures (MAET) intended to preserve water quality in relation to pesticides. This approach investigates the concept of efficiency through a triple analysis: the impact (net effects), the environmental cost-effectiveness and the role of organizational factors in the contracting process. The impact is assessed by a quasi-experimental approach by counterfactuals and examines adaptation of the matching method to the regionalized MAET. Cost-effectiveness analysis is based on integrated modeling spatially distributed coupling the agro-hydrological SWAT model, pesticides pressure indicators and a bio-economic model optimizing gross margin. The effectiveness of organizational factors focuses on transaction costs, the role of collective action and preferences for alternative contracts.La recherche conduite dans le projet MAEVEAU a développé une démarche d'évaluation intégrée de l'efficacité des Mesures Agro-Environnementales Territorialisées (MAET) à enjeu préservation de la qualité de l'eau vis-à-vis des pesticides sur la période 2007 à 2011. La question scientifique traite le concept d'efficacité de la politique en s'appuyant sur une triangulation des approches: une évaluation de l'impact (c'est-à-dire des effets propres de la politique), une évaluation coût-efficacité environnementale et une évaluation du rôle des facteurs organisationnels dans le processus d'adhésion. L'impact est évalué par une approche quasi-expérimentale par contrefactuel et questionne l'adaptation de la méthode du matching à la territorialisation des MAET. L'analyse coût-efficacité s'appuie sur une modélisation intégrée spatialisée couplant modèle agro-hydrologique, indicateurs pesticides spatialisés et optimisation économique des marges brutes. L'efficacité des facteurs organisationnels s'est intéressée aux coûts de transaction, au rôle de l'action collective et aux préférences pour des contrats alternatifs

    An introduction to the SCOUT-AMMA stratospheric aircraft, balloons and sondes campaign in West Africa, August 2006: rationale and roadmap

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    A multi-platform field measurement campaign involving aircraft and balloons took place over West Africa between 26 July and 25 August 2006, in the frame of the concomitant AMMA Special Observing Period and SCOUT-O3 African tropical activities. Specifically aiming at sampling the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, the high-altitude research aircraft M55 Geophysica was deployed in Ouagadougou (12.3° N, 1.7° W), Burkina Faso, in conjunction with the German D-20 Falcon, while a series of stratospheric balloon and sonde flights were conducted from Niamey (13.5° N, 2.0° E), Niger. The stratospheric aircraft and balloon flights intended to gather experimental evidence for a better understanding of large scale transport, assessing the effect of lightning on NOx production, and studying the impact of intense mesoscale convective systems on water, aerosol, dust and chemical species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The M55 Geophysica carried out five local and four transfer flights between southern Europe and the Sahel and back, while eight stratospheric balloons and twenty-nine sondes were flown from Niamey. These experiments allowed a characterization of the tropopause and lower stratosphere of the region. We provide here an overview of the campaign activities together with a description of the general meteorological situation during the flights and a summary of the observations accomplished

    Vers un observatoire agro-environnemental des territoires : Un système décisionnel multi-échelle pour le bassin de la Charente

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    National audienceTo improve the quality of water resources in France, water managers are called upon to put in place agri-environmental action plans (AEAP) at various nested spatial and temporal scales. The aim of this is to encourage farmers to change some of their practices, particularly those which lead to high levels of diffuse pollution. By participating in the development of a “Grenelle” water abstraction action plan in SW France, we were able to develop an innovative computerized management and decision support tool. This system organizes and structures information obtained from local stakeholder networks. Using a number of spatial data warehouses, it processes decision-related data at different levels of granularity, and at different spatial scales, and then presents those data using SOLAP (Spatial Online Analytical Processing) tools. Spatialised indicators (action areas, pesticide types, direct costs, etc.) are defined in close consultation with stakeholders in the field. The long-term vision for these action plans, as well as the developing needs of the different stakeholders, will allow the system to develop into a broader agri-environmental observatory storing data from the entire life cycle of successive action plans and contributing to better informed governanceDans la perspective de la reconquête de la qualité de la ressource en eau en France, les gestionnaires sont amenés à mettre en place des programmes d’action agro-environnementaux qui se superposent dans l’espace et dans le temps afin de faire évoluer les activités agricoles, sources de pollution diffuse. L’accompagnement d’un programme d’action Captage Grenelle a permis de développer une architecture informatique innovante pour appuyer le pilotage de ces programmes par les gestionnaires et les décideurs. Le système d’information proposé organise, structure et capitalise l’information mobilisée par les réseaux d’acteurs locaux. Plusieurs entrepôts de données spatiales décrivent et organisent l’information décisionnelle à différentes granularités et échelles et restituent cette information grâce à des outils SOLAP (Spatial Online Analytical Processing). Des indicateurs (surfaces d’action, pesticides, coûts directs, etc.) sont définis avec les acteurs locaux dans un processus participatif. La vision à long terme de ces programmes d’action et les besoins des acteurs conduisent à faire évoluer le système d’information et les entrepôts de données proposés vers un observatoire agro-environnemental qui mobilise et capitalise les connaissances tout le long du cycle de vie des programmes d’action successifs, contribuant ainsi à une gouvernance plus éclairé

    Quel appui à la décision publique pour la gouvernance des territoires à enjeu eau ?

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    SAGEO 2018 Spatial analysis and Geomatics, Montpellier, FRA, 06-/11/2018 - 09/11/2018International audienceLocal decision makers are constantly on the lookout for decision tools to help them assess the potential impact of agro-environmental measures, as well as applying them in the best, most effective way. In this paper, we present the "SIGPA" (Information System for Action Plan Governance) model, which displays the overall approach to helping public decision making within pesticide action programs. The SIGPA model can be applied in various contexts. The proposed information system provides the support to enable stakeholders and decision makers to identify the most effective and least expensive actions for limiting pesticide pollution. A prototype of the information system was used, based on data collected as part of a "Grenelle" action plan within the Charente river basin. By allowing for data and knowledge from stakeholder networks in multiple action plans to be pooled, the SIGPA approach is in keeping OSAGE (Loireau et al, 2017) and aims to an agro-environmental and multifunctional observatory.Les réseaux territoriaux d'acteurs institutionnels, en charge de la mise en oeuvre des actions agro-environnementales sur le terrain, sont en quête d'outils d'aide à la décision afin de pouvoir évaluer l'impact potentiel des mesures agro-environnementales et les localiser à moindre coût le plus efficacement possible. Nous présentons le modèle générique SIGPA qui décrit l'ensemble de la démarche d'appui à la gouvernance des programmes d'action pesticides. SIGPA peut intégrer d'autres outils de simulation. Les modèles conceptuels et le système d'information proposés sont des outils de communication et d'échange au sein du réseau d'acteurs. Ces outils permettent de faire émerger, de manière interactive, les actions les plus efficaces et les moins coûteuses pour limiter la pollution par pesticides. Un prototype du système proposé a été implémenté sur une zone de captage Grenelle en Charente. En permettant la capitalisation des données et des connaissances acquises par les réseaux d'acteurs, la démarche est conforme à celle du modèle OSAGE de Loireau et al (2017) et préfigure un observatoire agro-environnemental

    Qualifying agriculture in areas affected by pesticide water pollution: an information system to help water managers in designing and monitoring agro-environmental action plans

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    International audienceWater quality is still getting worse, despite decades of public policy attempting to reverse this decline. Agricultural activities have been identified as a main source of diffuse pollution by pesticide. Therefore, qualifying the current and future agriculture is a major concern for water managers and decision makers: pesticide products used with varying chemical contents generate transfers of pesticides to freshwaters and potentially hazardous residue. The aim of our study is to analyse key stakeholders involved in the decision process to implement environmental action plans, how they use (or not) thematic and spatial available information and to propose a helpful information system for public action. To achieve a more “enlightened” form of governance, information needs to be better spatialized, more structured and relevant for the scale of action. It needs to take into account the ecological and social context of the area. The methodology includes interviews and document analysis to identify thematic and spatial information used as part of pesticide reduction programs. We also look for links between different members of the institutional network and model them using UML (Unified Modelling Language) diagrams. Then, based on this network analysis and taking in account the needs of managers, we propose a stakeholder-oriented information system (using data warehouse technology) to estimate the environmental impact of current agriculture and potential actions. Several cubes and axes of analysis allow providing chosen indicators at different levels of aggregation and for several dimensions e.g. time, spatial scales or pesticide type. The project involves supporting an action plan for the “BAC Coulonge” water supply area (SW France), which covers some 260,000 hectares of crops and vines

    Modélisation de réseau d’acteurs pour un appui aux actions «eau-pesticide » à l'aide d'UML

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    International audienceLa qualité de l’eau (superficielle et souterraine) continue à se dégrader, malgré des années de politiques publiques de l’eau. La France est le troisième consommateur mondial de pesticides, derrière les USA et le Japon. Plus de 1000 produits pesticides circulent, avec des compositions chimiques variées. Ils génèrent des risques sur l’eau, la biodiversité et la santé. De nombreux rapports et articles soulignent les lacunes existantes dans l’organisation de l’information, les méthodes et outils à disposition des gestionnaires de l’eau aux différentes phases de ces programmes d’action agro-environnementaux “pesticides”. Il est proposé d'identifier l’information mobilisée dans les programmes d’action “pesticides” : qui produit cette information au sein du réseau d’acteurs ? Qui l’utilise ou non à quelle échelle spatiale et temporelle ? Dans quelle mesure les zonages produits sont-ils utilisés par les différentes parties prenantes ? Puis d'utiliser les résultats de cette modélisation des flux d’information dans le réseau pour créer un entrepôt de données décisionnel permettant de qualifier les pratiques agricoles et leurs impacts potentiels dans des zones à enjeu de pollution diffuse par les pesticide

    Un système d'information en appui à la décision pour la gouvernance des territoires de l'eau

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    International audienceTo improve the quality of water resources in France, water managers are called upon to put in place agri-environmental action plans (AEAP) at various nested spatial and temporal scales. The aim of this is to encourage farmers to change some of their practices, particularly those which lead to high levels of diffuse pollution (nitrate and pesticides). Therefore, local decision makers are constantly on the lookout for decision tools to help them assess the potential impact of agro-environmental measures, as well as applying them in the best, most effective way. By participating in the development of a "Grenelle" water abstraction action plan in SW France, we were able to develop an innovative computerized management and decision support tool. The proposed "SIGPA" (Information System for Action Plan Governance) model displays the overall approach to helping public decision making within pesticide action programs. It can be applied in various contexts, using local models or specific indicators and addressing the needs of water managers. The proposed conceptual models and associated information system provide the support to enable stakeholders and decision makers to identify the most effective and least expensive actions for limiting pesticide and nitrate pollution. The system organizes and structures information obtained from local stakeholder networks. A prototype of the spatial data warehouse was used, based on data collected as part of a "Grenelle" action plan in a wide area (3600 km2) within the Charente river basin. Using a number of spatial data warehouses, it processes decision-related data at different levels of granularity, and at different spatial scales, and then presents those data using SOLAP (Spatial Online Analytical Processing) tools. Spatialised indicators (action areas, pesticide types, direct costs, etc.) have been defined in close consultation with stakeholders in the field. The long-term vision for these action plans, as well as the developing needs of the different stakeholders, will allow the system to develop into a broader agri-environmental observatory storing data from the entire life cycle of successive action plans and contributing to better informed governance. By allowing for data and knowledge from stakeholder networks in multiple action plans to be pooled, the SIGPA approach is in keeping OSAGE (Loireau et al, 2017) and aims to an agro-environmental and multifunctional observatory

    Analyser l’impact des pratiques agricoles sur un territoire pour la reconquête de la qualité des eaux : vers un observatoire en agro-environnement ? Quelques réflexions à partir de travaux réalisés dans le bassin de la Charente (SO France)

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    International audienceThe preservation of water resources is of major challenge for water managers and decision makers, in charge of defining and executing environmental action plans. To help the local managers to reconquer a good biological status for water resources and to preserve a quality of the resource suitable for drinking water supply, decision makers need information systems combining data and scales about the quality of water resources, as well as the environmental and economic impact of human practices. The impact of alternative scenarios, especially scenarios of agricultural practices on the protected area, must be possible within these systems. To this end, undoing technologic locks, environmental information systems are to be designed using spatial data warehouse technology and the hopes of local managers should be better taken in account by the public and research bodies.La reconquête de la qualité des eaux superficielles et souterraines est un enjeu crucial sur les territoires pour les décideurs et gestionnaires de l’eau. En appui aux programmes d’action agro-environnementaux ayant pour but d’atteindre la bonne qualité chimique et biologique des eaux dont la préservation des captages d’eau potable, les décideurs publics ont besoin de disposer de systèmes d’information qui combinent données sur les milieux et données sur les pratiques humaines et ce à différentes échelles. Il est nécessaire également de pouvoir explorer l’impact sur la ressource en eau de scénarios d’évolution des activités humaines, notamment agricoles. Pour ce faire, d’une part les attentes des acteurs locaux doivent mieux être prises en compte par les pouvoirs publics et la recherche et d’autre part les verrous d’accès aux données, de développement informatique de systèmes environnementaux (SIE) et d’entrepôts de données doivent être dépassés

    Structuration de l'information pour l'aide à la gestion de zone à enjeu eau, à des échelles emboîtées : une approche par scénario utilisant les entrepôts de données

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    International audienceThe preservation of water resources is of major concern in the Charente river basin, SW France. To help the local managers to reconquer a good biological status for water resources and to preserve a quality of the resource suitable for drinking water supply, we developed a method of assessing the environmental impact of alternative scenarios of agricultural practices. This integrated assessment combines typologies of agricultural systems on the area, the calculation of environmental indicators, an integrated modeling using an agro-hydrological model (SWAT) and an economical one in order to assess the cost- effectiveness of some spatialised scenarios. This method is applied to a protected area, the AAC Coulonge St Hippolyte (360 000 ha). In this context, the data warehousing is used to create decision- making tools and to evaluate the potential impacts of the evolution of agriculture on the area. The goal is that people in charge of public policies could take more informed decisions when managing sensitive areas or implementing mitigation measures. Different methods of clustering and spatial analysis, combined to surveys among farmers and experts are used to define a relevant typology of agricultural systems, using a specific approach by type of soil and rotations. Some alternative scenarios for agriculture changes are built using expertise and discussion with stakeholders. The effectiveness of mitigation measures on the reduction of pesticides transfers to freshwaters is assessed when applied on the whole area or within sub-basins. The scenarios can be combined and applied on a range of selected sub-basins or in sensitive areas. However, this approach requires an effective information system that can process for each scenario all the relevant information at embedded scales: the scale of the sub-basins for action by farmers and the scale of the whole area for public decision making. To this end, an environmental information system is created using spatial data warehouse technology. This system allowed qualifying agricultural activities, depending on each scenario, along with river basin characteristics and the indicators resulting of the assessment: values of the environmental indicators, fluxes and costs estimated by the two models. The axes of analysis allowed providing results at different levels of integration, for several dimensions e.g. time, spatial scales or pesticide type, leading to a clearer understanding of the impact of mitigation measures. Various hypotheses can be tested, helping decision-makers respond to special requests from stakeholders
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