How an online questionnaire can explore leadership teaching in an undergraduate curriculum.

OBJECTIVES: To design a tool to explore current leadership teaching in an undergraduate curriculum, using the medical leadership competency framework (MLCF) DESIGN: An online questionnaire was designed based on the MLCF competences and sent to all course leads at Imperial College, London in Autumn 2011 SETTING: Imperial College, London PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-nine course leads were invited to participate in the questionnaire study MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Course leads were asked whether they teach each MLCF competence, which teaching methods they use, and how long they spend teaching each competency RESULTS: Overall there was a 78% questionnaire response rate (54/69). From the questionnaires received it was possible to extrapolate results across the remaining courses to achieve a 100% response rate. We were then able to produce a map of current leadership teaching showing that all MLCF competences are taught to varying degrees across the curriculum. The tool does not however provide information on the quality of teaching provided, or what students learn CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong emphasis on the development of teaching leadership skills to undergraduates in Tomorrow's Doctors 2009 (TD09). It is difficult to know what teaching occurs across the curriculum of a large medical school. The design of a simple, electronic questionnaire will enable medical schools to map their current leadership teaching to the TD09 outcomes. This will help to inform further curriculum development and integration as well as signposting of learning opportunities

Gunn Effect in Silicon Nanowires: Charge Transport under High Electric Field

Gunn (or Gunn-Hilsum) Effect and its associated negative differential resistivity (NDR) emanates from transfer of electrons between two different energy bands in a semiconductor. If applying a voltage (electric field) transfers electrons from an energy sub band of a low effective mass to a second one with higher effective mass, then the current drops. This manifests itself as a negative slope or NDR in the I-V characteristics of the device which is in essence due to the reduction of electron mobility. Recalling that mobility is inversely proportional to electron effective mass or curvature of the energy sub band. This effect was observed in semiconductors like GaAs which has direct bandgap of very low effective mass and its second indirect sub band is about 300 meV above the former. More importantly a self-repeating oscillation of spatially accumulated charge carriers along the transport direction occurs which is the artifact of NDR, a process which is called Gunn oscillation and was observed by J. B. Gunn. In sharp contrast to GaAs, bulk silicon has a very high energy spacing (~1 eV) which renders the initiation of transfer-induced NDR unobservable. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT), semi-empirical 10 orbital ($sp^{3}d^{5}s^{*}$) Tight Binding (TB) method and Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulations we show for the first time that (a) Gunn Effect can be induced in narrow silicon nanowires with diameters of 3.1 nm under 3 % tensile strain and an electric field of 5000 V/cm, (b) the onset of NDR in I-V characteristics is reversibly adjustable by strain and (c) strain can modulate the value of resistivity by a factor 2.3 for SiNWs of normal I-V characteristics i.e. those without NDR. These observations are promising for applications of SiNWs in electromechanical sensors and adjustable microwave oscillators.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, 63 reference

Conductance of Lithium Acetate in Water & Aqueous Methyl Acetate

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Sybil Attack Analysis and Detection Techniques in MANET

Security is important for many sensor network applications. A particularly harmful attack against sensor and ad hoc networks is known as the Sybil attack [6], where a node Illegitimately claims multiple identities.Mobility cause a main problem when we talk about security in Mobile Ad-hoc networks. It doesn’t depend on fixed architecture, the nodes are continuously moving in a random fashion. In this article we will focus on identifying the Sybil attack in MANET. It uses air medium for communication so it is more prone to the attack. Sybil attack is one in which single node present multiple fake identities to other nodes, which cause destruction

On the Performance of Slider Bearing under Fluctuating Speed using a Non-Newtonian Visco-Elastic Fluid as Lubricant

In the present paper effect of fluctuations on the performance of a slider bearing has been considered using a non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid as lubricant. It has been obtained that load-carrying capacity of the hearing always exceeds its value in steady case except for a brief initial period. The effect of visco-elasticity has been found to be advantageous for the increase of load-carrying capacity