Dermatophytes’ identification by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. (MALDI-TOF MS) - the experience of a clinical laboratory

Objectives: Dermatophytes are a challenging group of fungi that infect the keratinized tissues. The taxonomy of these fungi has changed recently with the reclassification of some species and description of new ones. However, many clinical laboratories still base the identification of dermatophytes on their phenotype. Since dermatophytes are very pleomorphic, macro and micromorphology are often insufficient to reach a correct classification and may lead to misidentifications. The identification based on MALDI-TOF relies on the protein profile of the microorganism. Thus, this study aims to summarize our current laboratorial experience of dermatophyte identification using MALDI-TOF MS. Methods: From january to april 2018, 95 dermatophytes isolates, collected from human keratinized samples and also from quality control programs were characterized by phenotypic analysis, and by VITEK MS V3.2 bioMerieux. Before identification procedure, isolates were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose agar plates and incubated at 27°C during 5 to 10 days. Species were identified taking into account clinical features, as well as cultural, microscopic and physiological characteristics. Prior to MALDI-TOF MS analysis, the samples were pre-treated according to the manufacturer’s protocol for filamentous fungi. Molecular identification by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was performed in 34 of those isolates Results: Through phenotypic analysis eight different species were identified (54 Trichophyton rubrum; 4 T.soudanense; 22 T.interdigitale; 1 T.mentagrophytes; 3 T.tonsurans; 7 Microsporum canis; 3 M.audouinii; 1 Microsporum spp.- (non canis or audouinii). MALDI-TOF analysis showed an identification agreement in 80 cases (84,2%) with a confidence level of 99,9%. Eight isolates showed divergent identification results: three T.rubrum were identified as T.violaceum, three T.soudanense were identified as T.rubrum, one T.mentagrophytes was identified as T.interdigitale and one T.tonsurans was identified as T.rubrum. In four cases MALDI-TOF analysis did not get a profile. The ITS sequencing analysis of discrepant results corroborated the MALDI-TOF identification in five of them. On the other hand, T.soudanense was only identified by phenotypic analysis since MALDI-TOF and ITS sequencing result was T.rubrum. MALDITOF identification of T.violaceum was not confirmed by ITS sequencing that identified T. rubrum instead, in accordance with the phenotypic identification. Conclusion: Correct identification of dermatophytes to species level requires sequencing of the ITS, LSU, and/or betatubulin regions. The implementation of this methodology in a clinical laboratory is expensive and time consuming. MALDI-TOF identification is a good option for dermatophytes’ identification performed in laboratory routine, since costs of consumables as well as time of sample preparation are lower than for PCR analysis and doesn’t require long training period as phenotypic identification does. In this study, however, both methods failed to identify some species variants like Trichophyton soudanense or T. violaceum. The combined use of both MALDI-TOF and phenotypic methods seems to be the better approach for dermatophytes’ identification since some species show significant phenotypic and clinical differences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aproximative solutions to the neutrino oscillation problem in matter

We present approximative solutions to the neutrino evolution equation calculated by different methods. In a two neutrino framework, using the physical parameters which gives the main effects to neutrino oscillations from nu{e} to another flavors for L=3000Km and E=1GeV, the results for the transition probability calculated by using series solutions, by to take the neutrino evolution operator as a product of ordered partial operators and by numerical methods, for a linearly and sinusoidally varying matter density are compared. The extension to an arbitrary density profile is discussed and the evolution operator as a product of partial operators in the three neutrino case is obtained.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

A mulher “objecto” na publicidade

Apesar da vulgaridade com que hoje em dia é usada a expressão “corpo objecto” são vários os autores que a empregam em qualquer representação do corpo da mulher destinada a promover produtos masculinos ou femininos esta comunicação, fruto de uma investigação inserida no contexto da minha tese de Doutoramento, intitulada As representações do corpo na publicidade, já apresentada publicamente no ISCTE (12 de Maio de 2005), visa demonstrar que este conceito apenas se deve aplicar aquando do recurso gratuito e primário de corpos femininos reveladores de determinados detalhes da sua feminilidade poses sensuais ou mesmo eróticas, corpos seminus ou nus e limitados à promoção de produtos masculinos, tal qual defendem Villegas e Chica: «é preciso reconhecer que o tratamento da mulher como objecto sexual passivo emerge de um modo dominante em anúncios dirigidos de forma exclusiva ou prevalecente aos homens: produtos de barbear, roupa masculina, determinados modelos de automóveis, bebidas alcoólicas, etc.» (2001, 40). 1 Nestas situações, a mulher acaba por ser ela própria um produto, um objecto, já que emerge nas mais diversas poses, funcionando como um elemento altamente persuasivo. Para demonstrar a esta posição recorri a uma vasta metodologia de análise da imagem, da qual destaco o inventário de figuras de retórica da imagem publicitária oferecida por J. Durand (1972); os níveis de codificação da imagem publicitária propostos por Umberto Eco (1987); o estudo de Kathy Myers (1995), uma investigadora norteamericana que, baseada nas teorias feministas se dedica ao estudo da mulher na publicidade; e os trabalhos de LazierSmith (citado por Gauli, 2000), investigador americano que analisou, de um modo contínuo, nos anos 70 e 80, a publicidade norteamericana, mais especificamente a publicidade das revistas, MS, Playboy, Time e Nensweek. Esta metodologia foi aplicada a um extenso corpus de anúncios, com especial incidência da marca Calvin Klein

New approaches to antimalarial chemotherapy: design and synthesis of bicyclic endoperoxides and of peptide and peptidomimetic carbonyl containing cysteine protease inhibitors

Tese dout., Química Orgânica, Universidade do Algarve, 2007Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT

Top Performing Farmers are Information Rich: Case Studies of Sheep and Cattle Farmers in the South Island of New Zealand

The purpose of this study was to investigate the management behaviours of six top performing sheep and beef farmers from the South Island of New Zealand. Information was obtained through interviews using grounded theory qualitative research methodology. All six farmers were found to be information rich. They source information widely and with a discriminating behaviour. They read widely, typically about one hour per day. They participate in discussion groups but only when relevant information can be obtained. They regularly visit other farms and tend to associate with other high-performing people. They have well developed networks. They have challenging, relevant and achievable goals and targets. All six farmers plan well ahead but with a strong focus on flexibility. They are early adopters rather than first movers in relation to new technologies. Having decided that an innovation has merit they usually test it in a small way before making any major commitment that cannot be reversed. All were benchmarking their operations against other top operators, both formally and informally. They were particularly interested in the reasons why other farmers were achieving success, and hence liked to have direct contact with these people. All of them were interested in the financial benchmark comparisons obtained from their accountant. These top performing farmers have well developed management frameworks such that the process of planning, implementation, monitoring and reflection occurs on a daily basis. Farming is a passion as well as a career.benchmarking, farm management, sheep and beef cattle farmers, grounded theory, New Zealand, decision-making process, information sourcing, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries,

Trends dynamics in Psychiatric Systems today

FThe author makes some epistemologicalconsiderations on the urge to spreadpsychosomatics. To begin with, the heavyburden of mental disturbs in health caresystems today lead to an absolute need fora proper psychosomatic training of generalpractitioners.Then the 50 years of increasingpsycopharmacological treatments availableaccount for the mainstream split-care model;as the number of psychiatrists who focuson logotherapy decreased systematicallywhile the professional body of nonmedicaltherapists has grown. Hence the impendingneed of psychosomatics as a counterbalanceto adequately deal with the bio-psychosocialaspects involved both in heath and indisease.Finally concluding that, between physicalismand panpsychism, Psychosomatic Medicinehas to find its way by getting rid of theoutdated cartesian dualism

ANCHOR: logically-centralized security for Software-Defined Networks

While the centralization of SDN brought advantages such as a faster pace of innovation, it also disrupted some of the natural defenses of traditional architectures against different threats. The literature on SDN has mostly been concerned with the functional side, despite some specific works concerning non-functional properties like 'security' or 'dependability'. Though addressing the latter in an ad-hoc, piecemeal way, may work, it will most likely lead to efficiency and effectiveness problems. We claim that the enforcement of non-functional properties as a pillar of SDN robustness calls for a systemic approach. As a general concept, we propose ANCHOR, a subsystem architecture that promotes the logical centralization of non-functional properties. To show the effectiveness of the concept, we focus on 'security' in this paper: we identify the current security gaps in SDNs and we populate the architecture middleware with the appropriate security mechanisms, in a global and consistent manner. Essential security mechanisms provided by anchor include reliable entropy and resilient pseudo-random generators, and protocols for secure registration and association of SDN devices. We claim and justify in the paper that centralizing such mechanisms is key for their effectiveness, by allowing us to: define and enforce global policies for those properties; reduce the complexity of controllers and forwarding devices; ensure higher levels of robustness for critical services; foster interoperability of the non-functional property enforcement mechanisms; and promote the security and resilience of the architecture itself. We discuss design and implementation aspects, and we prove and evaluate our algorithms and mechanisms, including the formalisation of the main protocols and the verification of their core security properties using the Tamarin prover.Comment: 42 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 5 algorithms, 139 reference