Cartes sur fonds d'images spatiales

La qualité géométrique, la vue synoptique sur de grandes étendues, le caractère souvent expressif des images obtenues à partir de l'espace ont provoqué l'utilisation de fonds d'images spatiales avec des surcharges chorogra phiques. On peut proposer une typologie de ces documents sur fonds d'images satellitaires dont un spécimen au 1/25 000 est présenté à partir des données SPOT

Does Health Information Matter for Modifying Consumption? A Field Experiment Measuring the Impact of Risk Information on Fish Consumption

A field experiment was conducted in France to evaluate the impact of health information on fish consumption. A warning given to the treatment group revealed the risks of methylmercury contamination in fish and also gave consumption recommendations. Using difference-indifferences estimation, we show that this warning led to a significant but relatively weak decrease in fish consumption. However, consumption of the most contaminated fish did not decrease despite advice to avoid consumption of these types of fish. Accompanying questionnaires show that consumers imperfectly memorize the fish species quoted in the warning. The results point to the relatively poor efficacy of a complex health message, despite its use by health agencies around the world

Health Information and the Choice of Fish Species: An Experiment Measuring the Impact of Risk and Benefit Information

An experiment was conducted in France to evaluate the impact of health information on consumers\u27 choice between two different types of fish. Successive messages revealing risks (methylmercury) and benefits (omega-3s) of consuming the fish, along with consumption recommendations, were delivered. Results show a significant difference of reaction according to the order and type of information. The information about risks had a larger marginal impact on change in willingness to pay (WTP) than did the information about benefits. While the results show that detailed messages on risks/benefits, including recommendations for nutrition behavior, matter in the modification of WTP, 40% of respondents did not change their initial choices after the revelation of health information

Use of advanced cluster analysis to characterize seafood consumption patterns and methyle mercury exposures among pregnant women

Because of the variability in food contamination and nutrient contents, consumers must balance the risks and benefits of fish consumption through their choice of species, meal size and frequency. The objectives of this study were to characterize the risk of MeHg exposure in French pregnant women consuming fish, and to explore the use of unsupervised statistical learning as an advanced type of cluster analysis to identify patterns of fish consumption that could predict exposure to MeHg and the coverage of the Recommended Daily Allowance for n-3 PUFA. The proportion of pregnant women exposed at levels higher than the Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for MeHg is similar to that observed amongst women of childbearing age in previous French studies. At the same time, only about 50% of the women reached the recommended intake of 500 mg/day n-3 PUFA. Cluster analysis of the fish consumption showed that they could be grouped in five major clusters that are largely predictable of the intake of both MeHg and n-3 PUFA. This study provides demonstrates that a global increase in seafood consumption could lead to MeHg exposure above the toxicological limits, thereby questioning the potential beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA intakes

Simulation of consumer exposure to deoxynivalenol according to wheat crop management and grain segregation: Case studies and methodological considerations

International audienceWe combined agronomic data and a model simulating exposure based on consumption data to assess the impact of crop management and grain segregation procedures on consumer exposure to deoxynivalenol. We used three scenarios of soil tillage at a regional scale and three scenarios of grain segregation for a supply area. The soil tillage scenarios were applied to a range of mean crop contamination levels, with various coefficients representing the degree of tillage. The grain segregation scenarios were applied to two real datasets of DON content distributions. We found that the increase in consumer exposure in response to increases in "risky" crop management practices such as direct-drilling depends largely on mean contamination and on the value of the tillage coefficient. The results for grain segregation procedures showed that exposure was most strongly affected by contamination distributions as the segregation procedure minimising risk differed for the two datasets

Towards a Harmonised Total Diet Study Approach: a guidance document:joint guidance of EFSA, FAO and WHO

A Total Diet Study (TDS) can be a complementary approach to traditional monitoring and surveillance programs, which instead of focusing on compliance is designed to provide a solid basis for calculating population dietary exposure and assessing potential impact on public health. A TDS includes the selection of foods based on food consumption data to represent a large portion of a typical diet, their preparation to food as consumed and the subsequent pooling of related foods before analysis. There is already a wealth of international TDS data available, but to better enable comparisons it is important that methods are harmonised to the extent possible. The Working Group of experts provides a definition of the TDS approach highlighting its inherent value; it gives guidance for a harmonised methodology starting from the TDS planning to the collection of analytical results, exposure assessment calculation and communication of TDS results; and it proposes a general approach to facilitate the use of TDS information at international level. A TDS can be used for screening purposes or as a more refined exposure assessment tool. It provides background concentration and exposure levels of chemical substances in a range of representative foods prepared for consumption, while monitoring and surveillance programs can better capture highly contaminated individual food items. Their complementarities would allow the identification of the relative importance of individual sources of chemical substances from the whole diet. In conclusion, a TDS is considered to be a good complement to existing food monitoring or surveillance programs to estimate population dietary exposure to beneficial and harmful chemical substances across the entire diet. Harmonising the TDS methodology will enhance the value of these programs by improving the comparability at international level

Design of soft-X-ray tomographic system in WEST using GEM detectors

In metallic tokamaks, the interplay between particle transport and MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) activity might lead to impurities accumulation and finally to disruption. Studying such phenomena is thus essential if stationary discharges are to be achieved. Measuring the soft X-ray (SXR) radiation ([0.1 keV; 20 keV]) of magnetic fusion plasmas is a standard way of accessing valuable information on particle transport and MHD. Generally, like at Tore Supra (TS), the analysis is performed with a 2D tomographic system composed of several cameras equipped with silicon barrier diodes (SBD). On WEST the installation of an upper divertor masks many of the actual TS vertical diodes so that no proper tomography is possible. This paper presents the design of a new SXR diagnostic for the WEST project developed in collaboration with IPPLM (Poland) and the Warsaw University of Technology, based on a triple gas electron multiplier (GEM) detector. Preliminary simulations performed to size and position the detector and its electronics inside the vertical thimble are also presented, in particular estimation of magnetic field and temperature variation affecting GEM spatial resolution and signal quality. As a conclusion, perspectives about tomographic capabilities of the new system for studying impurity transport are given

Occurrence of 30 trace elements in foods from a multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study: Focus on Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb

International audienceThis paper reports occurrence data related to 30 trace elements in food composite samples from a multi-regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. Herein, 2700 samples grouped in 225 food composite samples corresponding to 13 food groups: cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts/seeds, meat, eggs, fish, milk/dairy, oil/fats, and beverages from eight locations in four countries, namely Benin (Littoral/Borgou), Cameroon (Duala/North), Mali (Bamako/Sikasso), and Nigeria (Lagos/Kano) were prepared as consumed, pooled, and analysed using a validated method based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The occurrence data for Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb as regulated by the Codex Alimentarius are discussed herein. Although the levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were above the limit of quantification, they were below the maximum limits set by the Codex in most samples analysed. A distinct feature was observed for cereals and tubers, as they were mostly contaminated with Al and Pb. A pilot study regarding the impact of using artisanal cookware (made from recycled aluminium) on the contamination of food samples was performed. Relevant contamination with Al and Pb when cooking tomato samples from Cameroon and Nigeria using artisanal aluminium cookware was compared to that when cooked using stainless-steel

Apollonia d'Illyrie (Albanie)

En raison d’une forte diminution des crédits, la mission n’a pu durer que quatre semaines du 4 au 30 août 2014. À la perte de ressources financières, s’est ajouté le refus de l’INRAP d’accorder cette année un PAS à l’architecte de la mission Philippe Lenhardt. Cette situation difficile a ralenti le rythme des opérations, notamment la mise au point des plans en vue de la publication, et le calendrier établi en début de quadriennal ne peut plus être respecté. L’équipe a réuni cette année, treiz..