The wolf in sheep's clothing: Camouflaged borrowing in Modern German

This article addresses a phenomenon of language contact that has not received much attention in mainstream contact linguistics, namely borrowing via a mechanism Zuckermann (2003) calls MULTISOURCED NEOLOGISATION. Multisourced neologisation is a subtype of Zuckermann's larger class of CAMOUFLAGED BORROWING, and constitutes a special form of calquing in which the calque is phonetically similar to the source language material: It has much in common with folk etymology and is sometimes identified with it, but there are good theoretical reasons to keep the two phenomena apart. Though German is well known for its calquing ability, the application of this special type of calquing has gone virtually unnoticed in the literature as well as in the ongoing public debate over the excessive influx of loanwords. This paper shows that multisourced neologisation is not uncommon in the integration of elements borrowed from English into German, and argues that factors favouring its use include lexical and structural congruities between both languages as well as the relatively high transparency of English to the average speaker of German. Thus, though German does not belong to the protypical language groups using multisourced neologisation that are described by Zuckermann (2003), special circumstances prompt the application of this and other methods of camouflaged borrowing

A geochemical and stable isotope study of some rocks from the Bandelierkop formation, southern marginal zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa( vol.1 Text)

The Bandelierkop Formation of the Southern Marginal Zone (SMZ) of the Limpopo Belt consists of metamorphosed ultramafic, mafic and sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic conditions indicated by the petrography of these different rock groups are consistent with upper amphibolite to granulite facies. The ultramafic and mafic rocks are geochemically akin to peridotitic-pyroxenitic intrusive rocks and high-Mg basalts respectively. Metamorphism of these two rock groups in the SMZ was an essentially closed system process, except for the highly volatile phases such as H₂O and CO₂. The metasediments appear to represent a sequence of high (Mg+Fe)-greywackes and/or deep-water shales with minor amounts of iron formation material. The unusually mafic character of the metasediments can be ascribed to a high ultramafic + mafic source component to the original sediment. Some modification of the major and trace element compositions of the pelitic rocks has been caused by the removal of partial melts and the metamorphism of the pelitic rocks is not therefore considered to have occurred under closed system conditions. Variable extraction of partial melts is implied by the chemical variations shown by the pelitic rocks and is also suggested by the presence of large pegmatitic felsic bodies which are commonly found close to the pelitic rocks. Detailed petrographic study of the Bandelierkop Formation rocks suggests an increase in metamorphic grade, and/or a decrease in water activity, from south to north within the Southern Marginal Zone. Peak metamorphic conditions of 730°C + 65°C at pressures of 6.1 ± 1.5 kbars may be deduced from a careful application of several cation thermometers and barometers on selected mineral analyses. A rigorous application of garnet-biotite thermometry to the pelitic rocks indicates that the transition from orthoamphibole gneisses in the south to orthopyroxene-bearing rocks in the north of the SMZ terrane, is a function of changing biotite composition and/or decreasing water activities rather than an increase in metamorphic temperatures. In contrast to the major and trace element data, the stable isotope data for the ultramafic and mafic rocks in the SMZ indicate open system behaviour for some of these rocks, but closed system behaviour for the pelites. Extraction of SO to 70% partial melts from the pelitic rocks, should not, however, have affected the δ¹⁸O value of the restite. Petrological and stable isotope data in the SMZ rocks are consistent with retrogression in all these rocks and open system behaviour for oxygen in some ultramafic and mafic rocks, being caused by the crystallization and accompanying fluid release of melts produced during prograde metamorphism of the pelitic rocks. Small scale (-5 to 30m's) heterogeneity is implied by both oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions of closely spaced rock samples, even for those collected from within large "shear zones", suggesting small fluid/rock ratios for most of the samples in the high-grade terrane or heterogeneous stable isotopic compositions of the fluids. Furthermore, a similarity in mineral-mineral stable isotope fractionation factors is observed for all the pelitic rocks, including the orthoamphibole gneisses found immediately south of the orthopyroxene isograd. These features preclude the presence of pervasive fluid infiltration after peak metamorphism. Two implications are, that granulite facies metamorphism in the SMZ terrane was not caused by an influx of mantle derived CO₂-rich fluid and, that the orthoamphibole gneisses are not retrogressed equivalents of the granulites found to the north of the orthopyroxene isograd. It is suggested that this isograd represents a change in the water activities of the rocks during metamorphism. Apparent disequilibria in mineral - mineral stable isotope fractionations observed amongst different minerals within any one pelitic rock, may be explained by a combination of the crystallization of residual melt within these rocks and oxygen diffusion amongst minerals which have not reached their oxygen-closure. The concordant quartz-plagioclase, quartz-biotite and plagioclase-biotite oxygen isotope equilibration temperatures are taken to represent minimum crystallization temperatures for the melts (-560°C), while successively higher quartz-orthopyroxene, quartz-amphibole and quartz-garnet oxygen isotope equilibration temperatures are a function of increasing closure temperatures for the orthopyroxene, amphibole and garnet respectively. The minimum estimate to peak metamorphic temperatures is given by the quartz-garnet oxygen isotope temperature averaging 736 + 52°C. If oxygen diffusion experiments performed in hydrothermal systems are appropriate for the SMZ rocks, then cooling rates for the SMZ terrane could have been as low as 12 to 25°C/My over a temperature range of 480 to 600°C. Stable isotope modeling of hypothetical fluids that may have been in equilibrium with the high-grade rocks, suggests that a mixture of CO₂ and H₂O, with CO₂/H₂O mole ratios > 0.1 can precipitate both quartz and carbonate of stable isotope composition similar to those determined for quartz and carbonate from the mineralized Archaean lode gold deposits of the Murchison and Pietersburg greenstone belts. A model involving granulite facies metamorphism, partial melt extraction and subsequent release of fluids, Au, K and S upon crystallization of such melts, appears to be viable for gold mineralization occuring in the adjacent lower grade greenstone belts and in the high-grade terrane of the Southern Marginal Zone

Stable isotope ecology of Miocene large mammals from Sandelzhausen, southern Germany

The carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope composition of enamel from teeth of large Miocene herbivorous mammals from Sandelzhausen (MN5, late Early/early Middle Miocene) in the North Alpine foreland basin, were analyzed to infer diet and habitat. The mean enamel δ13C value of −11.4±1.0‰ (n=53) for the nine taxa analyzed (including proboscideans, cervids, suids, chalicotheres, equids, rhinocerotids) indicates a pure C3 plant diet for all mammals. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of ~0.710 higher than those from teeth of the western Molasse Basin (0.708-0.709) seem to indicate preferential feeding of the mammals in the northeastern Molasse Basin. The sympatric herbivores have different mean δ13C and δ18O values which support diet partitioning and/or use of different habitats within a C3 plant ecosystem. Especially the three sympatric rhinoceroses Plesiaceratherium fahlbuschi, Lartetotherium sansaniense, and Prosantorhinus germanicus show clear partitioning of plants and/or habitats. The palaeomerycid Germanomeryx fahlbuschi was a canopy folivore in moderately closed environments whereas Metaschizotherium bavaricum (Chalicotheriidae) and P.germanicus (Rhinocerotidae) were browsers in more closed forest environments. The horse Anchitherium aurelianense was probably a more generalized feeder than assumed from its dental morphology. The forest hog Hyotherium soemmeringi has the highest δ13C and lowest δ18O value of all analyzed taxa, possibly related to a frugivorous diet. Most taxa were water-dependent browsers that record meteoric water δ18O values of about −5.6±0.7‰ Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). Using a modern-day mean annual air temperature (MAT)-$$\delta^{18} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}}$$ relation a MAT of 19.3±1.5°C can be reconstructed for Sandelzhausen. A Gomphotherium subtapiroideum tusk serially sampled for δ18O values does not record a clear pattern of seasonality. Thus most taxa were C3 browsers in a forested and humid floodplain environment in the Molasse Basin, which experienced a warm-temperate to subtropical climate and possibly low seasonalit

Sediment penetration depths of epi- and infaunal ostracods from Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

Many (palaeo-)environmental parameters can be deduced from ecological and chemical analyses of ostracods. However, the specific ecology of each taxon has a great impact on its reaction to changing environmental conditions. As a consequence, each taxon records these changes differently. The mean penetration depth (MPD) and relative individual abundances have been documented along sediment depth profiles for the dominant sub-littoral to profundal species of ostracods in western Lake Geneva, Switzerland, and this data can be used to estimate their preferential habitat in terms of sediment depths. Isocypris beauchampi, Limnocytherina sanctipatricii, Cypria ophtalmica forma lacustris at 13-m water depths, Limnocythere inopinata, and a winter generation of Herpetocypris reptans have the shallowest habitat preferences at the study sites (MPDs of 0.45, 0.48, 0.49, 0.60, and 0.81cm, respectively). These results suggest that these populations may be regarded as being preferentially epifaunal forms. Populations of Cytherissa lacustris (MPDs of 0.61, 0.73, and 0.82cm at 13-, 33-, and 70-m water depths, respectively), Cypria ophtalmica forma lacustris at 70m (MPD=0.96cm), Fabaeformiscandona caudata (MPD=0.99cm), and a summer generation of Herpetocypris reptans (MPD=1.03cm) were identified as being infaunal. Candona neglecta is the species that was found the deepest in the sediment of Lake Geneva, with MPDs of 0.65, 1.22, and 1.30cm at 13-, 33-, and 70-m water depths, respectively. Information on the sediment texture and oxygen concentrations inferred from the analyses of sediment pore water suggest that the oxygen content of the sediment pore water is not the only dominant parameter controlling the differences in ostracod sediment penetration depths observed among the different sites, but that they might also be influenced by the sediment ‘softness,' which itself depends on grain size, water content, and the abundance of organic matter in sedimen

Low-pressure, water-assisted anatexis of basic dykes in a contact metamorphic aureole, Fuerteventura (Canary Islands): oxygen isotope evidence for a meteoric fluid origin

Migmatites produced by low-pressure anatexis of basic dykes are found in a contact metamorphic aureole around a pyroxenite-gabbro intrusion (PX2), on Fuerteventura. Dykes outside and inside the aureole record interaction with meteoric water, with low or negative δ18O whole-rock values (+0.2 to −3.4‰), decreasing towards the contact. Recrystallised plagioclase, diopside, biotite and oxides, from within the aureole, show a similar evolution with lowest δ18O values (−2.8, −4.2, −4.4 and −7.6‰, respectively) in the migmatite zone, close to the intrusion. Relict clinopyroxene phenocrysts preserved in all dykes, retain typically magmatic δ18O values up to the anatectic zone, where the values are lower and more heterogeneous. Low δ18O values, decreasing towards the intrusion, can be ascribed to the advection of meteoric water during magma emplacement, with increasing fluid/rock ratios (higher dyke intensities towards the intrusion acting as fluid-pathways) and higher temperatures promoting increasing exchange during recrystallisatio

Increasing the time resolution of a pulse width modulator in a class D power amplifier by using delay lines

In this paper, we present a method to increase the time resolution of a pulse width modulator by using delay lines. The modulator is part of an open loop class D power amplifier, which uses the ZePoC algorithm to code the audio signal which is amplified in the class D power stage. If the time resolution of the pulse width modulator is high enough, ZePoC could also be used to build an high accuracy AC power standard, because of its open loop property. With the presented method the time resolution theoretically could be increased by a factor of 16, which means here the time resolution will be enhanced from 5 ns to 312.5 ps