Design of Low Leakage Multi Threshold (Vth) CMOS Level Shifter

In this paper, a low leakage multi Vth level shifter is designed for robust voltage shifting from sub threshold to above threshold domain using MTCMOS technique and sleepy keeper. MTCMOS is an effective circuit level technique that improves the performance and design by utilizing both low and high threshold voltage transistors. Leakage power dissipation has become an overriding concern for VLSI circuit designers. In this a “sleepy keeper” approach is preferred which reduces the leakage current while saving exact logic state. The new  low-power level shifter using sleepy keeper is compared with the previous work for different values of the lower supply voltage. When the circuits are individually analyzed for power consumption at 45nm CMOS technology, the new level shifter offer significant power savings up to 37% as compared to the previous work. Alternatively, when the circuits are individually analyzed for minimum propagation delay, speed is enhanced by up to 48% with  our approach to the circuit. All the simulation results are based on 45nm CMOS technology and  simulated in cadence tool.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v3i5.316

Knowledge, attitude and practices of rural medical practitioners on generic medicines

Background: An unqualified medical practitioner without any formal registration and practicing allopathic medicine in rural areas in India can be called Rural Medical Practitioner (RMP). RMPs enjoy a great deal of practice in rural areas by taking advantage of lacunae in the public health system. Government of India is currently popularising generic medicines, but still certain doubts exist even among doctors and how far the RMPs are aware of generic medicines is a big issue. They influence a lot of uneducated people, so the knowledge, attitude and practices they follow have a large impact on society.Methods: A cross sectional, prospective study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and the practices of 152 RMPs on generic medicines for a period of three months. A 23-item questionnaire was well designed, pre-validated and distributed to RMPs in and around Guntur district. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: 92% of the participants were aware of generic drugs. More than 80% believed that they are equivalent in terms of efficacy and safety to their branded counterparts and are available at reasonable prices. 95.4% RMPs believed that prescribing generic drugs will decrease the pharmaco-economic burden of the country. Almost all of them agreed on the need for the updates and education on generics by means of continuing medical education (CMEs).Conclusions: The participants had good amount of knowledge on generic drugs but there are concerns regarding quality and therapeutic efficacy of generic drugs. Proper awareness about the generic prescription practice may improve the patient compliance by reducing economic burden to the patients

High Performance Low Power Dual Edge Triggered Static D Flip-Flop

In this paper a low-power double-edge triggered static flip-flop (DETSFF) suitable for low-power and high performance applications is presented. The designed DETFF is verified at gpdk 180nm-1.8V CMOS technology. Comparison with some of the latest DETFFs shows that the proposed DETSFF can achieve the lowest power consumption, lowest clock to Q delay and thus Power-delay-product (PDP). Moreover, the proposed DETSFF comprises of only 15 transistors hence require lesser number of transistors and thus requires lesser overall silicon area.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v3i5.316

A Low Power 32 Bit CMOS ROM Using A Novel ATD Circuit

A low power high speed 32 Bit ROM circuit implemented on 0.18µm CMOS process has been presented in this paper. The circuit is build using a parallel ROM core structure and runs on 1.8 V supply voltage. A novel Address Transition Decoder (ATD) circuit is proposed which energizes the ROM components such as Row Decoder, Column Decoder, ROM core etc, for short time intervals when there is a transition in input address bits. The power consumed in ROM with proposed ATD circuit is 0.78 mW, which corresponds to 82.27% reduction in power as compared to ROM without ATD circuit (4.46 mW). At the output almost full signal swing has been achieved without using any sense amplifier. The implemented ROM has a very low latency of 0.56 ns.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v3i4.316

REGULATION OF MICROTUBULE DYNAMICS BY TUBULIN DIVERSITY AND SEVERING ENZYMES

Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that cycle through polymerization and depolymerization, a phenomenon known as dynamic instability. This behavior is essential for basic cellular functions such as cell division, migration, and morphogenesis. Microtubule dynamics is tightly regulated by two broad mechanisms: 1) intrinsically by tubulin isotypes or tubulin post- translational modifications and 2) extrinsically by various microtubule effectors. While many studies have helped us understand how effectors tune microtubule dynamics, we still do not have an understanding of how tubulin isotypes affect microtubule dynamics. This is because the majority of the microtubule dynamics studies have been performed with brain tubulin. Brain tubulin is heterogeneous, consisting of multiple tubulin isotypes and chemically diverse post- translational modifications making it impossible to understand the contribution of a single tubulin isotype or post-translational modification to microtubule dynamic properties. In the first section of my thesis, I explore the dynamic properties of a recombinant single human unmodified tubulin isotype, α1A/βIII. I also purified unmodified α1B/βI+βIVb tubulin from a stable human embryonic kidney cell line and found that this tubulin composition has dramatically different dynamic parameters than hetergenous brain tubulin. Moreover, I found that the addition of α1A/βIII tuned α1B/βI+βIVb tubulin dynamics proportionally. Finally, I explored how extrinsic factors such as microtubule severing enzymes can modulate microtubule dynamics. Severing enzymes break microtubules in an ATP-hydrolysis dependent manner. They are essential for the generation of microtubule arrays in neurons, the plant cortex, and spindle. Despite their discovery 30 years ago, their effects on microtubule dynamics has remained unknown. We found that severing enzymes extract tubulin dimers out of the microtubule lattice. These “holes” can be repaired by spontaneous GTP-tubulin incorporation along the microtubule shaft. This results in an increase in microtubule rescue frequency. Moreover, the newly severed ends emerge with a high-density of GTP-tubulin, which protects them from depolymerization. The combination of increased microtubule rescues and stable ends causes microtubule mass and number amplification. Together, my graduate work has shed light on how tubulin diversity tunes intrinsic microtubule dynamics and has surprisingly revealed a mechanism of severing enzyme mediated tubulin exchange along the once-thought static microtubule shaft

Histology Personal Trainer: Identifying Tissue Types Using Critical Thinking and Metacognition Prompts

Tissue-type histology is a foundational lab exercise for many courses… and our students hate it. In anatomy and physiology, where more obviously applicable labs are just around the corner, students struggle to grasp this basic content. At this institution, a Hispanic-serving, two-year community college, scores are historically lowest on the histology exam and many students drop the course after this exam. Attrition is a problem nationally as well; while community colleges train about 60% of healthcare workers, attrition rates in anatomy and physiology courses are nearly 50%. Upon closer investigation of this exam, we found students were attempting to memorize the provided field of view, rather than identifying tissue hallmarks, and therefore struggled to apply their skills during the exam

Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications to bio-environmental

東洋大学201

A clinicoepidemiological study of geriatric dermatoses

Skin diseases are a common and inevitable consequence of ageing. Moreover, the clinical presentation is not as classical as they do in the younger population. A lifetime of solar exposure, along with intrinsic changes in the dermal structures, predisposes to a variety of skin diseases. The aim: to study the spectrum of various geriatric dermatoses among our patient population at the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy at Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. Materials and methods: in this study, a total of 200 patients aged 60 years and above attending the DVL OPD of Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre were included. Results: maximum number of patients in this study belonged to 60-65 years (60 %), Male to female ratio was 1.86:1. Most of the males had agriculture work, and most of the females were housewives. Diabetes mellitus was the commonest associated systemic disease seen in 68 cases (34 %), and generalised pruritus was the commonest symptom seen in 64 (32 %) cases, of which 42 cases (65.6 %) were associated with xerosis. Pathological skin disorders and eczematous conditions were seen in 56 out of 200 cases. Of this, asteatotic eczema was the common finding among the eczematous conditions seen in 14 cases (7 %). Psoriasis was seen in 32 (16 %) and lichen planus in 10 cases (5 %). Infectious diseases were seen in 78 cases (39 %). Of these, fungal infections were common, seen in 28 cases (14 %). The benign tumour was seborrheic keratosis in this study, seen in 61 cases (30.5 %); among the malignant tumours, 4 cases (2 %) of basal cell carcinoma and 2 cases (1 %) of squamous cell carcinoma were seen. Among 16 cases of bullous disorders, bullous pemphigoid was seen in 12 (6 %) cases. Among 22 cases of psychocutaneous disorders, delusional parasitosis was seen in 10 cases (5 %), and perforating folliculitis in 15 cases (7.5 %). Loss of luster was the commonest nail change seen in 182 cases (91 %), followed by nail plate thickening in 54 cases (27 %). Greying of the hair was seen in all cases. Out of 70 females, diffuse hair loss was seen in 58 cases (82.9 %), and out of 130 males, androgenetic alopecia was seen in 72 cases (55.4 %). Conclusion: skin diseases cause considerable morbidity in the elderly, particularly if associated with other comorbid conditions. Health education on proper skin care, avoidance of irritants and self-medication etc., would help to reduce the incidence of common dermatoses

Designing Of Bidirectional Dc-Dc Converter For High Power Application With Current Ripple Reduction Technique

This paper presents the design of bidirectional dc/dc converter with three bridges. In this configuration, only a single bridge is used for bidirectional control and two bridges are used for electrical isolation and for a gain of constant. RMS currents in the source and link capacitor can be improved by capacitor division and paralleling the operation of both stages. This simple arrangement provides the better control scheme and eliminates the snubber circuitry, so the switching frequency and efficiency of the system can be obtained