Alien Registration- Vellios, Aristidos (Saco, York County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/3150/thumbnail.jp

Julita

Non-fiction by Maria Vellio

Self-reported alcohol use and binge drinking in South Africa: Evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study, 2014 - 2015

Background. Although the South African (SA) government has implemented alcohol control measures, alcohol consumption remains high.Objectives. To quantify the prevalence of self-reported current drinking and binge drinking in SA, and to determine important covariates.Methods. We used the 2014 - 2015 National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative dataset of just over 20 000 individuals aged ≥15 years. Multiple regression logit analyses were performed separately by gender for self-reported current drinkers (any amount), selfreported bingers as a proportion of drinkers, and self-reported bingers as a proportion of the total population. An individual was defined as a binge drinker if he/she reported consumption of ≥5 standard drinks on an average drinking day.Results. Current alcohol use (any amount) in 2014 - 2015 was reported by 33.1% of the population (47.7% males, 20.2% females). Of drinkers, 43.0% reported binge drinking (48.2% males, 32.4% females). The prevalence of self-reported binge drinking as a percentage of the total population was 14.1% (22.8% males, 6.4% females). Although black African males and females were less likely than white males and females to report drinking any amount, they were more likely to report binge drinking. Coloured (mixed race) females were more likely than black African females to report drinking any amount. Males and  females who professed a religious affiliation were less likely than those who did not to report drinking any alcohol. The prevalence of self-reported binge drinking was highest among males and females aged 25 - 34 years. Smoking cigarettes substantially increased the likelihood of drinking any amount and of binge drinking for both genders.Conclusion. In SA, one in three individuals reported drinking alcohol, while one in seven reported binge drinking on an average day on which alcohol was consumed. Strong, evidence-based policies are needed to reduce the detrimental effects of alcohol use

Tobravirus 2b Protein Acts in Trans to Facilitate Transmission by Nematodes

AbstractAnalysis of RNA2 of TRV PaY4 showed it to be recombinant, carrying 3′-terminal sequences derived from RNA1. Virus produced using an infectious cDNA clone of PaY4 RNA2 was nematode transmissible, demonstrating that natural TRV recombinant isolates are not necessarily defective. Mutations introduced into PaY4 RNA2 showed that the 2b gene, but not the 2c gene, is required for transmission by both Paratrichodorus pachydermus and P. anemones nematodes. Experiments examined whether infection of plants with two different virus clones would impact upon nematode transmission of either virus. Simultaneous inoculation with TRV clones expressing green or red fluorescent proteins revealed that mixing of the two virus populations did not occur, although, in roots, adjacent cells were found containing green- or red-tagged viruses. Subsequently, in similar experiments it was found that a TRV PaY4 2b mutant was transmitted when combined with wild-type TRV PaY4. Also, transmission of a 2b mutant of an in vitro TRV/PEBV recombinant virus (TRV-C1) occurred after coinfection with wild-type virus. Thus, the tobravirus 2b transmission protein is trans-acting. Although TRV PaY4 and TRV PpK20 are both transmitted by P. pachydermus, a 2b mutant of TRV PaY4 was not transmitted when coinoculated to plants with TRV PpK20

The effect of Fe addition in the RM(Nb)IC Alloy Nb–30Ti–10Si–2Al–5Cr–3Fe–5Sn–2Hf (at.%) on its microstructure, complex concentrated and high entropy phases, pest oxidation, strength and contamination with oxygen, and a comparison with other RM(Nb)ICs, refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs) and refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs)

In this work, the RM(Nb)IC alloy Nb–30Ti–10Si–5Cr–5Sn–3Fe–2Al–2Hf (NV2) was studied in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions; its isothermal oxidation at 700, 800 and 900 °C and its room temperature hardness and specific strength were compared with other Sn-containing RM(Nb)ICs—in particular, the alloy Nb–24Ti–18Si–5Cr–5Fe–5Sn (NV5)—and with RCCAs and RHEAs. The addition of Fe (a) stabilised Nbss; A15–Nb3X (X = Al, Si and Sn) and Nb3Si; metastable Nb3Si-m’ and Nb5Si3 silicides; (b) supported the formation of eutectic Nbss + Nb5Si3; (c) suppressed pest oxidation at all three temperatures and (d) stabilised a Cr- and Fe-rich phase instead of a C14–Nb(Cr,Fe)2 Laves phase. Complex concentrated (or compositionally complex) and/or high entropy phases co-existed with “conventional” phases in all conditions and after oxidation at 800 °C. In NV2, the macrosegregation of Si decreased but liquation occurred at T >1200 °C. A solid solution free of Si and rich in Cr and Ti was stable after the heat treatments. The relationships between solutes in the various phases, between solutes and alloy parameters and between alloy hardness or specific strength and the alloy parameters were established (parameters δ, Δχ and VEC). The oxidation of NV2 at 700 °C was better than the other Sn-containing RM(Nb)ICs with/without Fe addition, even better than RM(Nb)IC alloys with lower vol.% Nbss. At 800 °C, the mass change of NV2 was slightly higher than that of NV5, and at 900 °C, both alloys showed scale spallation. At 800 °C, both alloys formed a more or less continuous layer of A15–Nb3X below the oxide scale, but in NV5, this compound was Sn-rich and severely oxidised. At 800 °C, in the diffusion zone (DZ) and the bulk of NV2, Nbss was more severely contaminated with oxygen than Nb5Si3, and the contamination of A15–Nb3X was in-between these phases. The contamination of all three phases was more severe in the DZ. The contamination of all three phases in the bulk of NV5 was more severe compared with NV2. The specific strength of NV2 was comparable with that of RCCAs and RHEAs, and its oxidation at all three temperatures was significantly better than RHEAs and RCCAs

The role of Sn in the oxidation of Nb silicide based alloys

Aero-engine materials used in critical components must have acceptable oxidation behaviour at the temperatures of service. Niobium silicide based alloys have the potential to replace Ni based superalloys in future aero-engines owing to their lower densities, higher melting points and balance of properties. Niobium silicide based alloys must have inherent oxidation resistance to survive in case of coating failure . Great advances have been made towards improving the oxidation behaviour of developmental Nb silicide based alloys. Tin was reported [1, 2] to improve oxidation and subsequent research [3, 4] confirmed that Sn as an alloying addition contributes towards suppressing pest oxidation and is an essential alloying addition for suppressing the spallation of scale at high temperatures [5]. Evidence for the enrichment of the microstructure below the alloy/scale interface with Sn was provided for the first time by the group [3, 4]. “How Sn manages to deliver” better oxidation behaviour in Nb silicide based alloys was not understood. In the last “beyond the Ni superalloys” ECI conference some preliminary results were presented in a poster addressing this point. This presentation will be based on the results of recently completed systematic experimental and modelling research of model alloys and ternary systems to show how Sn affects microstructure and oxidation behaviour. Particular emphasis will be given to the links between phase stability, volume fraction and distributions of key intermetallic phases in the microstructure of Sn containing Nb silicide based alloys and their oxidation at 800 and 1200 oC. The role of Sn for the microstructure at the alloy/scale interface will be discussed

Self-reported alcohol use and binge drinking in South Africa: Evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study, 2014 - 2015

Background. Although the South African (SA) government has implemented alcohol control measures, alcohol consumption remains high.Objectives. To quantify the prevalence of self-reported current drinking and binge drinking in SA, and to determine important covariates.Methods. We used the 2014 - 2015 National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative dataset of just over 20 000 individuals aged ≥15 years. Multiple regression logit analyses were performed separately by gender for self-reported current drinkers (any amount), self-reported bingers as a proportion of drinkers, and self-reported bingers as a proportion of the total population. An individual was defined as a binge drinker if he/she reported consumption of ≥5 standard drinks on an average drinking day.Results. Current alcohol use (any amount) in 2014 - 2015 was reported by 33.1% of the population (47.7% males, 20.2% females). Of drinkers, 43.0% reported binge drinking (48.2% males, 32.4% females). The prevalence of self-reported binge drinking as a percentage of the total population was 14.1% (22.8% males, 6.4% females). Although black African males and females were less likely than white males and females to report drinking any amount, they were more likely to report binge drinking. Coloured (mixed race) females were more likely than black African females to report drinking any amount. Males and females who professed a religious affiliation were less likely than those who did not to report drinking any alcohol. The prevalence of self-reported binge drinking was highest among males and females aged 25 - 34 years. Smoking cigarettes substantially increased the likelihood of drinking any amount and of binge drinking for both genders.Conclusion. In SA, one in three individuals reported drinking alcohol, while one in seven reported binge drinking on an average day on which alcohol was consumed. Strong, evidence-based policies are needed to reduce the detrimental effects of alcohol use.

VIABILIDADE TÉCNICA E ECONÔMICA DA PRODUÇÃO DE GÊMEOS EM VACAS DA RAÇA NELORE PELA TRANSFERÊNCIA DE EMBRIÕES

Objetivando induzir gestação gemelar em bovinos de corte comercial, foram utilizadas 05 vacas 1/2 Nelore x 1/2 Red Angus como doadoras e 34 vacas Nelore como receptoras, ciclando naturalmente. As vacas foram sincronizadas mediante implante de Norgestomet (3 mg) e 3 mg de Norgestomet mais 5 mg de Valerato de Estradiol injetáveis no dia 0. No 5o dia iniciou-se a superovulação empregando-se 350 UI de FSH em doses decrescentes durante 4 dias. No 7o dia retirou-se o implante; 50 e 60 horas após foram feitas as IA com sêmen de touro para pelagem vermelha (Limousin). Sete dias após a 1a IA as vacas foram coletadas. Usou-se material para coletas de embriões do tipo descartável sendo reutilizado para coletar as 5 doadoras. Foram coletados e congelados 34 embriões viáveis, obtendo-se a média de 6,8 por doadora. Trinta e quatro vacas da raça Nelore foram inseminadas com sêmen de Aberdeen Angus no cio natural e 7 dias após esses animais receberam um embrião inovulado via transcervical no corno contralateral ao ovário com CL. Com esta sistemática as vacas que pariram bezerros com pelagem preta eram frutos da IA e os de pelagem vermelha frutos da inovulação embrionária. Das parturições, 12 vacas geraram somente bezerro de pelagem preta (35,3%), 3 vacas pariram somente bezerro de pelagem vermelha (8,9%), 13 vacas pariram bezerro de pelagem vermelha e bezerro de pelagem preta (38,2%), 4 vacas tiveram abortamento entre o 6o e 7o mês (11,7%); dessas vacas, 2 abortaram produtos de gestação gemelar e 2 abortaram fetos únicos. Duas vacas estavam vazias no 45o dia após a inovulação embrionária (5,9%). Obteve-se 25 bezerros oriundos da IA (pelagem preta) (73,53%) e 16 bezerros da IE (pelagem vermelha) (47,05%). O total de bezerros nascidos foi de 41 (= taxa de natalidade 120,58%). Ao final do 4o mês de observação dos bezerros nascidos, desenvolveram-se 36 (105,58%). Sugere-se que sejam utilizadas matrizes receptoras com maior aptidão leiteira. Concluiu-se que a produção de prenhez gemelar em bovinos de corte à nível comercial é viável técnica e economicamente, desde que se utilize touros reprodutores que gerem bezerros relativamente pequenos e receptoras com aptidão leiteira. Technology and economic viability of twin pregnancy production in nelore breed by embryo transfer Abstract For an experiment to produce twin gestation in a beef commercial herd, 5 cows ½ Nelore x ½ Red Angus, naturally cycling were synchronized at D0 with implants of Norgestomet (3 mg) and injection of 3 mg of Norgestomet and 5 mg of estradiol valerate. Superovulation has been initiated at D5 using 350 IU of FSH in decreasing doses during 4 days. At D7 Norgestomet was removed, artificial insemination (AI) being then carried out 50 and 60 hours later with Limousin bulls (red hair) semen. Seven days after the first AI, embryos were collected from 5 cows using a disposable catheter and equipment and filter for embryos. Thirty four viable embryos, with an average of 6.8 per donor, were collected and frozen. Thirty four Nelore cows were inseminated with Aberdeen Angus semen in the natural heat. Seven days later these animals were inovulated with one embryo in the contralateral horn to the corpus luteum. Therefore, black calves resulted from AI whereas red calves from embryo transfer. Only black colored calves (35.3%) were produced by 12 cows, 3 cows delivered only red calves (8.9%), 13 cows produced both black and red colored calves (38.2%), 4 cows aborted between the 6th and 7th months of pregnancy (11.7%), of which 2 cows aborted 2 products each one and 2 cows only 1 product each. Two cows were open at the 45th day after the embryo inovulation (5.9%). A total of 25 black color calves (73.53%) were produced from AI and 16 red color (47.05%) from embryo transfer. The total number of calves amounted 41 products (birth rate = 120.58%), ending after 4 months of observation, with a total of 36 calves (105.58%). It is possible that the use of cows with higher milk production could reduce this rate of mortality probably due to the low milk production of the Nelore breed. It was concluded that the gestation of twins in beef cows is technically and economically possible being necessary, however, the use of bulls that produce relatively small calves

Sensitivity of Septoria pyricola isolates to carbendazim, DMI and QoI based fungicides and to boscalid, in Greece

The sensitivity of 36 Septoria pyricola single spore isolates, obtained from isolated pear orchards, to carbendazim, bitertanol, flusilazole, myclobutanil, azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin and boscalid, was studied in vitro. Spore suspensions were point-inoculated on media amended with various concentrations of fungicides and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of the fungicides was determined. Most isolates were highly resistant to carbendazim, forming colonies even at concentrations of 100 mg L-1 of the fungicide. A few isolates failed to form colonies with carbendazim concentrations of 0.1 and 10 mg L-1; these isolates were designated carbendazim-sensitive and moderately carbendazim-resistant respectively.The MIC of DMI fungicides was up to 1 mg L-1 with some isolates, and the mean MICs of bitertanol, flusilazole and myclobutanil were 0.133±0.036, 0.075±0.044 and 0.230±0.038 mg L-1 respectively. The MIC of the QoI fungicides was up to 0.1 mg L-1 with most isolates, but some isolates were 100-fold less sensitive to azoxystrobin. The mean MICs of azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin were 0.177±0.040, 0.075±0.035, 0.067±0.063, and 0.073±0.065 mg L-1 respectively. Overall, the MIC of boscalid was 1 mg L-1, and the mean MIC was 0.111±0.044 mg L-1. The ED50 values of representative isolates are also presented, as determined by colony formation with dispersed spore inoculation on a medium amended with fungicides. The results show that the benzimidazoles are ineffective against S. pyricola isolates in Greece and suggest that the future effectiveness of the DMIs is at risk