Ibero-American Consensus on Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners : Safety, Nutritional Aspects and Benefits in Food and Beverages

International scientific experts in food, nutrition, dietetics, endocrinology, physical activity, paediatrics, nursing, toxicology and public health met in Lisbon on 2\u207b4 July 2017 to develop a Consensus on the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as substitutes for sugars and other caloric sweeteners. LNCS are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods and beverages with the addition of fewer or no calories. They are also used in medicines, health-care products, such as toothpaste, and food supplements. The goal of this Consensus was to provide a useful, evidence-based, point of reference to assist in efforts to reduce free sugars consumption in line with current international public health recommendations. Participating experts in the Lisbon Consensus analysed and evaluated the evidence in relation to the role of LNCS in food safety, their regulation and the nutritional and dietary aspects of their use in foods and beverages. The conclusions of this Consensus were: (1) LNCS are some of the most extensively evaluated dietary constituents, and their safety has been reviewed and confirmed by regulatory bodies globally including the World Health Organisation, the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority; (2) Consumer education, which is based on the most robust scientific evidence and regulatory processes, on the use of products containing LNCS should be strengthened in a comprehensive and objective way; (3) The use of LNCS in weight reduction programmes that involve replacing caloric sweeteners with LNCS in the context of structured diet plans may favour sustainable weight reduction. Furthermore, their use in diabetes management programmes may contribute to a better glycaemic control in patients, albeit with modest results. LNCS also provide dental health benefits when used in place of free sugars; (4) It is proposed that foods and beverages with LNCS could be included in dietary guidelines as alternative options to products sweetened with free sugars; (5) Continued education of health professionals is required, since they are a key source of information on issues related to food and health for both the general population and patients. With this in mind, the publication of position statements and consensus documents in the academic literature are extremely desirable

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Iron Complexing Activity Of Mangiferin, A Naturally Occurring Glucosylxanthone, Inhibits Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation Induced By Fe 2+-citrate

Mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, has been described as having antidiabetic, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. In this study we report for the first time the iron-complexing ability of mangiferin as a primary mechanism for protection of rat liver mitochondria against Fe2+-citrate induced lipid peroxidation. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and antimycin A-insensitive oxygen consumption were used as quantitative measures of lipid peroxidation. Mangiferin at 10 μM induced near-full protection against 50 μM Fe 2+-citrate-induced mitochondrial swelling and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ). The IC50 value for mangiferin protection against Fe2+-citrate-induced mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid reactive substance formation (9.02 ± 1.12 μM) was around 10 times lower than that for tert-butylhydroperoxide mitochondrial induction of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance formation. The xanthone derivative also inhibited the iron citrate induction of mitochondrial antimycin A-insensitive oxygen consumption, stimulated oxygen consumption due to Fe2+ autoxidation and prevented Fe3+ ascorbate reduction. Absorption spectra of mangiferin-Fe2+/Fe3+ complexes also suggest the formation of a transient charge transfer complex between Fe2+ and mangiferin, accelerating Fe2+ oxidation and the formation of a more stable Fe3+-mangiferin complex unable to participate in Fenton-type reaction and lipid peroxidation propagation phase. In conclusion, these results show that in vitro antioxidant activity of mangiferin is related to its iron-chelating properties and not merely due to the scavenging activity of free radicals. These results are of pharmacological relevance since mangiferin and its naturally contained extracts could be potential candidates for chelation therapy in diseases related to abnormal intracellular iron distribution or iron overload. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.5131-24755Afanas'Ev, I.B., Dorozhko, A.I., Brodskii, A.V., Kostyuk, V.A., Potapovitch, A.I., Chelating and free radical scavenging mechanisms of inhibitory action of rutin and quercetin in lipid peroxidation (1989) Biochem. Pharmacol., 38, pp. 1763-1769Aisen, P., Listowsky, I., Iron transport and storage proteins (1980) Annu. Rev. Biochem., 49, pp. 357-393Åkerman, K.E.O., Wikstrom, M.K.F., Safranine as a probe of the mitochondrial membrane potential (1976) FEBS Lett., 68, pp. 191-197Aritomi, M., Kawasaki, T., A new xanthone C-glucoside, position isomer of mangiferin, from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (1969) Tetrahedron Lett., 12, pp. 941-944Britton, R.S., Bacon, B.R., Tavill, A.S., (1994) Iron Metabolism in Health and Disease, pp. 311-351. , J.H. Brock J.W. Halliday M.J. Pippard L.W. Powell W.B. Saunders LondonBritton, R.S., Leicester, K.L., Bacon, B.R., Iron toxicity and chelation therapy (2002) Int. J. Hematol., 76, pp. 219-228Buege, J.A., Aust, S.D., Microsomal lipid peroxidation (1978) Methods Enzymol., 52, pp. 302-310Cadenas, E., Sies, H., The lag phase (1998) Free Radic. Res., 28, pp. 601-609Cardoso, S.M., Pereira, C., Oliveira., C.R., Mitochondrial function is differentially affected upon oxidative stress (1999) Free Radic. Biol. Med., 26, pp. 3-13Castilho, R.F., Meinicke, A.R., Almeida, A.M., Hermes-Lima, M., Vercesi, A.E., Oxidative damage of mitochondria induced by Fe (II)-citrate is potentiated by Ca2+ and includes lipid peroxidation and alteration in membrane proteins (1994) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 308, pp. 158-163Castilho, R.F., Meinicke, A.R., Vercesi, A.E., Hermes-Lima, M., The role of Fe (III) in Fe (II)-citrate-mediated peroxidation of mitochondrial membrane lipids (1999) Mol. Cell. Biochem., 196, pp. 163-168Dai, R., Gao, J., Bi, K.J., Determination of mangiferin, jateorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Zi-Shen pill by high-performance liquid chromatography (2004) J. Chromatogr. Sci., 42, pp. 88-90Eaton, J.W., Qian, M., Molecular bases of cellular iron toxicity (2002) Free Radic. Biol. Med., 32, pp. 833-840Faa, G., Terlizzo, M., Gerosa, C., Congiu, T., Angelucci, E., Patterns of iron distribution in liver cells in beta-thalassemia studied by X-ray microanalysis (2002) Haematologica, 87, pp. 479-484Goswami, T., Rolfs, A., Hediger, M.A., Iron transport: Emerging roles in health and disease (2002) Biochem. Cell. Biol., 80, pp. 679-689Green, D.R., Reed, J.C., Mitochondria and apoptosis (1998) Science, 281, pp. 1309-1312Guha, S., Ghosal, S., Chattopadhyay, U., Antitumor, immunomodulatory and anti-HIV effect of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone (1996) Chemotherapy, 42, pp. 443-451Halliwell, B., Drug antioxidant effects. A basis for drug selection? (1991) Drugs, 42, pp. 569-605Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M., Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: Some problems and concepts (1986) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 246, pp. 501-514Halliwell, B.J., Gutteridge, J.M., Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview (1990) Methods Enzymol., 186, pp. 1-85Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., Antioxidant defenses (1999) Free Radical in Biology and Medicine, pp. 105-245. , B. Halliwell J.M.C. Gutteridge 3rd edn. Oxford Univ. Press Oxford, UKHamm, R.E., Shull, C.M., Grant, D.M., Citrate complexes with iron (II) and iron(III) (1954) J. Am. Soc. Chem., 76, pp. 2111-2114Hermes-Lima, M., Castilho, R.F., Meinicke, A.R., Vercesi, A.E., Characteristics of Fe(II) ATP complex-induced damage to the rat liver mitochondria (1995) Mol. Cell. Biochem., 145, pp. 53-60Hershko, C., Iron chelators (1994) Iron Metabolism in Health and Disease, pp. 391-426. , J.H. Brock J.W. Halliday M.J. Pippard L.W. Powell W.B. Saunders LondonIchiki, H., Miura, T., Kubo, M., Ishihara, E., Komatsu, Y., Tanigawa, K., Okada, M., New antidiabetic compounds, mangiferin and its glucoside (1998) Biol. Pharm. Bull., 21, pp. 1389-1390Itoh, H., Shioda, T., Matsura, T., Koyama, S., Nakanishi, T., Kajiyama, G., Kawasaki, T., Iron ion induces mitochondrial DNA damage in HTC rat hepatoma cell culture-role of antioxidants in mitochondrial DNA protection from oxidative stresses (1994) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 313, pp. 120-125Kachur, A.V., Tuttle, S.W., Biaglow, J.E., Autoxidation of ferrous ion complexes: A method for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (1998) Radiat. Res., 150, pp. 475-482Kaplan, R.S., Pedersen, P.L., Characterization of phosphate efflux pathways in rat liver mitochondria (1983) Biochem. J., 212, pp. 279-288Lai, L., Lin, L.C., Lin, J.H., Tsai, T.H., Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (2003) J. Chromatogr., a, 987, pp. 367-374Leiro, J., Arranz, J.A., Yáñez, M., Ubeira, F.M., Sanmartín, M.L., Orallo, F., Expression profiles of genes involved in the mouse nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathway are modulated by mangiferin (2004) Int. Immunopharmacol., 4, pp. 763-778Martinez, G., Delgado, R., Perez, G., Garrido, G., Nunez-Sellez, A.J., Leon, O.S., Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) (2000) Phytother. Res., 14, pp. 424-427Miller, J.N., Castelluccio, C., Tijburg, L., Rice-Evans, C., The antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters-radical scavengers or metal chelators? (1996) FEBS Lett., 392, pp. 40-44Minotti, G., Aust, S.D., The role of iron in the initiation of lipid peroxidation (1987) Chem. Phys. Lipids, 44, pp. 191-208Nair, J., Carmichael, P.L., Fernando, R.C., Phillips, D.H., Strain, A.J., Bartsch, H., Lipid peroxidation-induced etheno-DNA adducts in the liver of patients with the genetic metal storage disorders Wilson's disease and primary hemochromatosis (1998) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 7, pp. 435-440Puccio, H., Koenig, M., Friedreich ataxia: A paradigm for mitochondrial diseases (2002) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 12, pp. 272-277Richardson, D.R., Ponka, P., Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and its analogues: Potential orally effective iron chelating agents for the treatment of iron overload disease (1998) J. Lab. Clin. Med., 13, pp. 306-315Sánchez, G.M., Re, L., Giuliani, A., Núñez-Sellés, A., Davison, G.P., León-Hernández, O.S., Protective effects of Mangifera indica L. extract, mangiferin and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced biomolecules oxidation and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice (2000) Pharmacol. Res., 42, pp. 565-573Santos, N.C., Castilho, R.F., Meinicke, A.R., Hermes-Lima, M., The iron chelator pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone inhibits mitochondrial lipid peroxidation induced by Fe (II)-citrate (2001) Eur. J. Pharmacol., 428, pp. 37-44Sato, T., Kawamoto, A., Tamura, A., Tatsumi, Y., Fujii, T., Mechanism of antioxidant action of pueraria glycoside (PG)-1 (an isoflavonoid) and mangiferin (a xanthonoid) (1992) Chem. Pharm. Bull., 40, pp. 721-724Sheth, S., Brittenham, G.M., Genetic disorders affecting proteins of iron metabolism: Clinical implications (2000) Annu. Rev. Med., 51, pp. 443-464Toyokuni, S., Iron-induced carcinogenesis: The role of redox regulation (1996) Free Radic. Biol. Med., 20, pp. 553-566Yoshimi, N., Matsunaga, K., Katayama, M., Yamada, Y., Kuno, T., Qiao, Z., Hara, A., Mori, H., The inhibitory effects of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, in bowel carcinogenesis of male F344 rats (2001) Cancer Lett., 163, pp. 163-170Yoshino, M., Murakami, K., Interaction of iron with polyphenolic compounds: Application to antioxidant characterization (1998) Anal. Biochem., 257, pp. 40-4

Mangifera Indica L. Extract (vimang®) And Its Main Polyphenol Mangiferin Prevent Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress In Atherosclerosis-prone Hypercholesterolemic Mouse

Atherosclerosis is linked to a number of oxidative events ranging from low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation to the increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have recently demonstrated that liver mitochondria isolated from the atherosclerosis-prone hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-/-) mice have lower content of NADP(H)-linked substrates than the controls and, as consequence, higher sensitivity to oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT). In the present work, we show that oral supplementation with the antioxidants Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang®) or its main polyphenol mangiferin shifted the sensitivity of LDLr-/- liver mitochondria to MPT to control levels. These in vivo treatments with Vimang® and mangiferin also significantly reduced ROS generation by both isolated LDLr-/- liver mitochondria and spleen lymphocytes. In addition, these antioxidant treatments prevented mitochondrial NAD(P)H-linked substrates depletion and NADPH spontaneous oxidation. In summary, Vimang® and mangiferin spared the endogenous reducing equivalents (NADPH) in LDLr-/- mice mitochondria correcting their lower antioxidant capacity and restoring the organelle redox homeostasis. The effective bioavailability of these compounds makes them suitable antioxidants with potential use in atherosclerosis susceptible conditions. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.575332338Brown, M.S., Goldstein, J.L., A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis (1986) Science, 232, pp. 34-47Stokes III, J., Kannel, W.B., Wolf, P.A., Cupples, L.A., D'Agostino, R.B., The relative importance of selected risk factors for various manifestations of cardiovascular disease among men and women from 35 to 64 years old: 30 years of follow-up in the Framingham Study (1987) Circulation, 75, pp. V65-V73Ishibashi, S., Brown, M.S., Goldstein, J.L., Gerard, R.D., Hammer, R.E., Herz, J., Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery (1993) J Clin Invest, 92, pp. 883-893Chisolm, G.M., Steinberg, D., The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an overview (2000) Free Radic Biol Med, 28, pp. 1815-1826Steinberg, D., Parthasarathy, S., Carew, T.E., Khoo, J.C., Witztum, J.L., Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity (1989) N Engl J Med, 320, pp. 915-924Witztum, J.L., Steinberg, D., Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis (1991) J Clin Invest, 88, pp. 1785-1792Morel, D.W., DiCorleto, P.E., Chisolm, G.M., Endothelial and smooth muscle cells alter low density lipoprotein in vitro by free radical oxidation (1984) Arteriosclerosis, 4, pp. 357-364Parthasarathy, S., Printz, D.J., Boyd, D., Joy, L., Steinberg, D., Macrophage oxidation of low density lipoprotein generates a modified form recognized by the scavenger receptor (1986) Arteriosclerosis, 6, pp. 505-510Lamb, D.J., Wilkins, G.M., Leake, D.S., The oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein by human lymphocytes (1992) Atherosclerosis, 92, pp. 187-192Oliveira, H.C., Cosso, R.G., Alberici, L.C., Maciel, E.N., Salerno, A.G., Dorighello, G.G., Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis-prone mouse is due to low antioxidant capacity of mitochondria (2005) FASEB J, 19, pp. 278-280Paim, B.A., Velho, J.A., Castilho, R.F., Oliveira, H.F.C., Vercesi, A.E., Oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor knockout mice is associated with low content of mitochondrial NADP-linked substrates and is partially reversed by citrate replacement (2008) Free Radic Biol Med, 44, pp. 444-451Kowaltowski, A.J., Castilho, R.F., Vercesi, A.E., Mitochondrial permeability transition and oxidative stress (2001) FEBS Lett, 495, pp. 12-15Velho, J.A., Okanobo, H., Degasperi, G.R., Matsumoto, M.Y., Alberici, L.C., Cosso, R.G., Statins induce calcium-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition (2006) Toxicology, 219, pp. 124-132Sanchez, G.M., Re, L., Giuliani, A., Nunez-Selles, A.J., Davison, G.P., Leon-Fernandez, O.S., Protective effects of Mangifera indica L. extract, mangiferin and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced biomolecules oxidation and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice (2000) Pharmacol Res, 42, pp. 565-573Pardo Andreu, G., Delgado, R., Velho, J., Inada, N.M., Curti, C., Vercesi, A.E., Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) inhibits Fe2+-citrate-induced lipoperoxidation in isolated rat liver mitochondria (2005) Pharmacol Res, 51, pp. 427-435Pardo Andreu, G., Delgado, R., Núñez-Sellés, A.J., Vercesi, A.E., Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) inhibits 2-deoxyribose damage induced by Fe (III) plus ascorbate (2006) Phytother Res, 20, pp. 120-124Pardo-Andreu, G.L., Philip, S.J., Riano, A., Sanchez, C., Viada, C., Nunez-Selles, A.J., Mangifera indica L. (Vimang) protection against serum oxidative stress in elderly humans (2006) Arch Med Res, 37, pp. 158-164Nunez-Selles, A.J., Velez-Castro, H.T., Aguero-Aguero, J., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, J., Naddeo, F., De Simone, F., Isolation and quantitative analysis of phenolic antioxidants, free sugars, and polyols from mango (Mangifera indica L.) stem bark aqueous decoction used in Cuba as nutritional supplement (2002) J Agric Food Chem, 50, pp. 762-766Andreu, G.L., Delgado, R., Velho, J.A., Curti, C., Vercesi, A.E., Iron complexing activity of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, inhibits mitochondrial lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+-citrate (2005) Eur J Pharmacol, 513, pp. 47-55Pardo-Andreu, G., Sánchez-Baldoquín, C., Ávila-González, R., Delgado, R., Naal, Z., Curti, C., Fe(III) improves antioxidant and cytoprotecting activities of mangiferin (2006) Eur J Pharmacol, 547, pp. 31-36Pardo-Andreu, G.L., Delgado, R., Núñez-Sellés, A.J., Vercesi, A.E., Dual mechanism of mangiferin protection against iron- induced damage to 2-deoxyribose and ascorbate oxidation (2006) Pharmacol Res, 53, pp. 253-260Kaplan, R.S., Pedersen, P.L., Characterization of phosphate efflux pathways in rat liver mitochondria (1983) Biochem J, 212, pp. 279-288Gornall, A.G., Bardawill, C.J., David, M.M., Determination of serum proteins by means of biuret reaction (1949) J Biol Chem, 177, pp. 751-766Reynafarje, B., Costa, L.E., Lehninger, A.L.J., O2 solubility in aqueous media determined by a kinetic method (1985) Anal Biochem, 145, pp. 406-418Åkerman, K.E.O., Wikstrom, M.K.F., Safranine as a probe of the mitochondrial membrane potential (1976) FEBS Lett, 68, pp. 191-197Fagian, M.M., Pereira-da-Silva, L., Martins, I.S., Vercesi, A.E., Membrane protein thiol cross-linking associated with the permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane by Ca 2+ plus prooxidants (1990) J Biol Chem, 265, pp. 19955-19960Boyum, A., Isolation of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages (1976) Scand J Immunol, 5, pp. 9-15Votyakova, T.V., Reynolds, I.J., DeltaPsi(m)-dependent and -independent production of reactive oxygen species by rat brain mitochondria (2001) J Neurochem, 79, pp. 266-277Garcia-Ruiz, C., Colell, A., Mari, M., Morales, A., Fernandez-Checa, J.C., Direct effect of ceramide on the mitochondrial electron transport chain leads to generation of reactive oxygen species. Role of mitochondrial glutathione (1997) J Biol Chem, 272, pp. 11369-11377Buege, J.A., Aust, S.D., Microsomal lipid peroxidation (1978) Methods Enzymol, 52, pp. 302-310Scarpa, A., Measurements of cation transport with metallochromic indicators (1979) Methods Enzymol, 56, pp. 301-338Stocker, R., Keaney, Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis (2004) Physiol Rev, 84, pp. 1381-1478Vercesi, A.E., Castilho, R.F., Kowaltowski, A.J., Oliveira, H.C., Mitochondrial energy metabolism and redox state in dyslipidemias (2007) IUBMB Life, 59, pp. 263-268Rodrigo, R., Guichard, C., Charles, R., Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use of antioxidant vitamins (2007) Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 21, pp. 111-127Pardo-Andreu, G.L., Sánchez-Baldoquín, C., Ávila-González, R., Suzuki Yamamoto, E.T., Revilla, A., Uyemura, S.A., Interaction of Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) with Fe(III) improves its antioxidant and cytoprotecting activity (2006) Pharmacol Res, 54, pp. 389-395Nunez-Selles, A.J., Delgado-Hernández, R., Garrido-Garrido, G., García-Rivera, D., Guevara García, M., Pardo-Andreu, G.L., The paradox of natural products as pharmaceuticals. Pre-clinical and clinical evidences of a mango stem bark extract (2007) Pharmacol Res, 55, pp. 351-358Pardo Andreu, G.L., Barrios, M.F., Curti, C., Hernández, I., Merino, N., Lemus, Y., Protective effects of Mangifera indica L extract (Vimang), and its major component mangiferin, on iron-induced oxidative damage to rats serum and liver (2008) Pharmacol Res, 57, pp. 79-86Duffy, S.J., Keaney Jr., J.F., Holbrook, M., Gokce, N., Swerdloff, P.L., Frei, B., Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease (2001) Circulation, 104, pp. 151-156Frei, B., Higdon, J.V., Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies (2003) J Nutr, 133, pp. 3275S-3284SFuhrman, B., Volkova, N., Coleman, R., Aviram, M., Grape powder polyphenols attenuate atherosclerosis development in Apolipoprotein E deficient (E0) mice and reduce macrophage atherogenicity (2005) J Nutr, 135, pp. 722-728Auger, C., Teissedre, P.L., Gerain, P., Lequeux, N., Bornet, A., Serisier, S., Dietary wine phenolics catechin, quercetin, and resveratrol efficiently protect hypercholesterolemic hamsters against aortic fatty streak accumulation (2005) J Agric Food Chem, 53, pp. 2015-2021Stocker, R., Dietary and pharmacological antioxidants in atherosclerosis (1999) Curr Opin Lipidol, 10, pp. 589-597Martinez Sanchez, G., Candelario-Jalil, E., Giuliani, A., Leon, O.S., Sam, S., Delgado, R., Mangifera indica L. extract (QF808) reduces ischaemia-induced neuronal loss and oxidative damage in the gerbil brain (2001) Free Radic Res, 35, pp. 465-473Sanchez, G.M., Rodriguez, H.M.A., Giuliani, A., Nunez Selles, A.J., Rodriguez, N.P., Leon Fernandez, O.S., Protective effect of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) on the injury associated with hepatic ischaemia reperfusion (2003) Phytother Res, 17, pp. 197-201Chyu, K.Y., Babbidge, S.M., Zhao, X., Dandillaya, R., Rietveld, A.G., Yano, J., Differential effects of green tea-derived catechin on developing versus established atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice (2004) Circulation, 109, pp. 2448-2453Ballinger, S., Patterson, C., Conklin, C.A., Hu, Z., Hunter, G.V.C., McIntyre, K., Mitochondrial integrity and function in atherogenesis (2002) Circulation, 106, pp. 544-549Sheu, S.S., Nauduri, D., Anders, M.W., Targeting antioxidants to mitochondria: a new therapeutic direction (2006) Biochim Biophys Acta, 1762, pp. 256-265Nageswara, R.M., Marschall, S.R., Mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis (2007) Circ Res, 100, pp. 460-47