Removal processes and estrogenic activity of bisphenol—A and triclosan using microalgae

\ua9 2024 The AuthorsThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of microalgal photoautotrophic treatment on estrogenic activity (EA) and removal process of two emerging contaminants (ECs), bisphenol-A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), in synthetic wastewater (SWW). The concentration used for BPA (17 mg/L) and TCS (325 μg/L) is the median effective concentration (EC50). Two conditions were evaluated, using a microalgae inoculum of ≈300 and ≈500 mg TSS/L (Total Suspended Solids per liter). For BPA, biodegradation was found to be the removal process contributing to the highest percentage removal, reaching >40 % for both initial microalgae inoculum (≈300 and ≈500 mg TSS/L). For TCS, the highest removal process was photodegradation, with >28 % (sum of direct and indirect removal). However, for TCS it was observed that for TSS ≈ 500 mg/L TSS, sorption (adsorption and absorption) increased by ≈17 % with respect to that determined for TSS ≈ 300 mg/L. Microalgae photoautotrophic treatment, using ≈500 mg TSS/L, resulted in a reduction of EA for TCS (by 33 %); but a 1.13-fold increase of EA for BPA. No EA effect of BPA and TCS was observed at ≈300 mg TSS/L. Both treatments resulted in a removal of >95 % of BPA and ≈86 % of TCS. For direct photodegradation, removals of both BPA and TCS were quantified as 3.8 % and 14.4 %, respectively. However, an increase in EA was observed for both ECs (1.79-fold for BPA and 1.23-fold for TCS). Indirect photodegradation resulted in removals of 26.2 % and 14.1 %, respectively. Additionally, EA showed a 2.4-fold increase for BPA, whilst a 17.99 % decrease was observed for TCS. In conclusion, no linear correlation was observed between EA and EC removals. Microalgae photoautotrophic treatment resulted in high removal efficiencies of TCS and BPA, as well as a decreased EA of TCS

Bioconversion of cellulose into bisabolene using Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Rhodosporidium toruloides

In this study, organic acids were demonstrated as a promising carbon source for bisabolene production by the non-conventional yeast, Rhodosporidium toruloides, at microscale with a maximum titre of 1055 ± 7 mg/L. A 125-fold scale-up of the optimal process, enhanced bisabolene titres 2.5-fold to 2606 mg/L. Implementation of a pH controlled organic acid feeding strategy at this scale lead to a further threefold improvement in bisabolene titre to 7758 mg/L, the highest reported microbial titre. Finally, a proof-of-concept sequential bioreactor approach was investigated. Firstly, the cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens was employed to ferment cellulose, yielding 4.2 g/L of organic acids. R. toruloides was subsequently cultivated in the resulting supernatant, producing 318 ± 22 mg/L of bisabolene. This highlights the feasibility of a sequential bioprocess for the bioconversion of cellulose, into biojet fuel candidates. Future work will focus on enhancing organic acid yields and the use of real lignocellulosic feedstocks to further enhance bisabolene production

Non-sterile heterotrophic cultivation of native wastewater yeast and microalgae for integrated municipal wastewater treatment and bioethanol production

\ua9 2019Currently over 80% of wastewater generated globally, is discharged into surface waters without adequate treatment. Major environmental and public health risks associated with such releases are particularly prevalent in developing countries where the infrastructure and financing for effective treatment is lacking. Novel low cost integrated wastewater treatment and biorefinery processes could provide a sustainable solution. This study investigated, for the first time, the feasibility of simultaneous wastewater treatment and bioethanol production in non-sterile, heterotrophic bioreactors using either microalgae, wild yeast, or a co-culture of microalgae and wild yeast. Scenedesmus sp. are known to achieve high biomass concentrations under sterile heterotrophic conditions. However, under the non-sterile conditions proposed, relatively low nutrient removal rates (60% nitrate, 53% total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and 46% orthophosphate) and biomass yields (0.98 \ub1 0.10 g/L) were achieved. Wastewater grown microalgae and yeast co-cultures achieved high nutrient removal rates (96% nitrate, 100% TAN and 93% orthophosphate). Wastewater grown yeast cultures produced consistently promising results, achieving high biomass concentrations of 3.7 \ub1 0.1 and 4.2 \ub1 0.1 g/L along with 100% nitrate, 100% TAN and 92.6% orthophosphate removal. Yeast provided the additional advantage of aerobic fermentation, possibly allowing integrated wastewater treatment and bioethanol production

Microbial fuel cells: a green and alternative source for bioenergy production

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) represents one of the green technologies for the production of bioenergy. MFCs using microalgae produce bioenergy by converting solar energy into electrical energy as a function of metabolic and anabolic pathways of the cells. In the MFCs with bacteria, bioenergy is generated as a result of the organic substrate oxidation. MFCs have received high attention from researchers in the last years due to the simplicity of the process, the absence in toxic by-products, and low requirements for the algae growth. Many studies have been conducted on MFC and investigated the factors affecting the MFC performance. In the current chapter, the performance of MFC in producing bioenergy as well as the factors which influence the efficacy of MFCs is discussed. It appears that the main factors affecting MFC’s performance include bacterial and algae species, pH, temperature, salinity, substrate, mechanism of electron transfer in an anodic chamber, electrodes materials, surface area, and electron acceptor in a cathodic chamber. These factors are becoming more influential and might lead to overproduction of bioenergy when they are optimized using response surface methodology (RSM)

The role of riboflavin in decolourisation of Congo red and bioelectricity production using Shewanella oneidensis-MR1 under MFC and non-MFC conditions

Dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria can exchange electrons extracellularly and hold great promise for their use in simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity production. This study investigated the role of riboflavin, an electron carrier, in the decolourisation of Congo red in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as a model organism. The contribution of the membrane-bound protein MtrC to the decolourisation process was also investigated. Within the range of riboflavin concentrations tested, 20 µM was found to be the best with >95% of the dye (initial concentration 200 mg/L) decolourised in MFCs within 50 h compared to 90% in the case where no riboflavin was added. The corresponding maximum power density was 45 mW/m2. There was no significant difference in the overall decolourisation efficiencies of Shewanela oneidensis MR-1 ΔMtrC mutants compared to the wild type. However, in terms of power production the mutant produced more power (Pmax 76 mW/m2) compared to the wild type (Pmax 46 mW/m2) which was attributed to higher levels of riboflavin secreted in solution. Decolourisation efficiencies in non-MFC systems (anaerobic bottles) were similar to those under MFC systems indicating that electricity generation in MFCs does not impair dye decolourisation efficiencies. The results suggest that riboflavin enhances both decolourisation of dyes and simultaneous electricity production in MFCs

Transcriptional Analysis of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with an Electrode Compared to Fe(III)Citrate or Oxygen as Terminal Electron Acceptor

Shewanella oneidensis is a target of extensive research in the fields of bioelectrochemical systems and bioremediation because of its versatile metabolic capabilities, especially with regard to respiration with extracellular electron acceptors. The physiological activity of S. oneidensis to respire at electrodes is of great interest, but the growth conditions in thin-layer biofilms make physiological analyses experimentally challenging. Here, we took a global approach to evaluate physiological activity with an electrode as terminal electron acceptor for the generation of electric current. We performed expression analysis with DNA microarrays to compare the overall gene expression with an electrode to that with soluble iron(III) or oxygen as the electron acceptor and applied new hierarchical model-based statistics for the differential expression analysis. We confirmed the differential expression of many genes that have previously been reported to be involved in electrode respiration, such as the entire mtr operon. We also formulate hypotheses on other possible gene involvements in electrode respiration, for example, a role of ScyA in inter-protein electron transfer and a regulatory role of the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase under anaerobic conditions. Further, we hypothesize that electrode respiration imposes a significant stress on S. oneidensis, resulting in higher energetic costs for electrode respiration than for soluble iron(III) respiration, which fosters a higher metabolic turnover to cover energy needs. Our hypotheses now require experimental verification, but this expression analysis provides a fundamental platform for further studies into the molecular mechanisms of S. oneidensis electron transfer and the physiologically special situation of growth on a poised-potential surface