Enfermedades de los árboles forestales

El presente informe de ingeniería intitulado “Enfermedades de los árboles forestales” tuvo como objetivo afianzar los conocimientos en el significado de las pérdidas y causas de las enfermedades forestales, conocer las influencias de las enfermedades en los árboles y viveros forestales y conocer los principios del manejo de las enfermedades forestales, y en base a la referencias se analizó y se llegó a la siguientes conclusiones los extremos de temperatura o de humedad pueden causar un daño directo a los árboles, debilitándolos de tal manera que quedan predispuestos al ataque de microorganismos; en décadas recientes, la contaminación del aire ha llegado a niveles tan altos, que ha surgido una grave preocupación por el daño extenso tanto a los bosques como a los árboles urbanos en la mayor parte de las regiones industrializadas del mundo; las bacterias causan enfermedades en las especies de todas las familias importantes de las plantas superiores, pero pocas de ellas son las causas directas de enfermedades de los árboles forestales y de sombra; las actividades de los hongos producen tanto la mortalidad como la pérdida en crecimiento al causar las enfermedades más importantes y numerosas de los árboles forestales. Estas enfermedades varían enormemente en las especies y en las partes afectadas del árbol, en los síntomas que producen, y el tipo de daño que causan. En consecuencia, sus efectos sobre el rendimiento forestal y su significado para el manejo forestal también son variables, en tanto que otros pueden ser factores limitantes en el crecimiento y manejo de una especie; en el futuro, a medida que el manejo forestal sea más intensivo y a medida que los árboles se cultiven con turnos más cortos, las pérdidas por pudrición pueden volverse un factor menos importante que lo que es actualmente y las enfermedades cancerosas ocurren tanto en gimnospermas como en angiospermas, pero son más numerosas y de mayor significado en las Latifoliadas caducifolias.This engineering report entitled “Forest Tree Diseases” aimed to strengthen the knowledge about the meaning of losses and causes of forest diseases, to understand the influences of diseases on trees and forest nurseries and to know the principles of forest disease management. Based on the references, the following conclusions were reached: extremes of temperature or humidity can cause direct damage to trees, weakening them in such a way that they are predisposed to be attacked by microorganisms; in recent decades, air pollution has reached such high levels that a serious concern has arisen over extensive damage to both forests and urban trees in most industrialized regions of the world; bacteria cause disease in species of all important families of higher plants, but few of them are the direct causes of forest and shade tree diseases; fungal activities cause both mortality and growth loss by causing the most important and numerous forest tree diseases. These diseases vary widely in species and affected parts of the tree, in the symptoms they produce, and the type of damage they cause. Consequently, their effects on forest yield and their significance for forest management are also variable, while others can be limiting factors in the growth and management of a species. In the future, as forest management becomes more intensive and as trees are grown with shorter shifts, rot losses may become a less important factor than they are now, and cancerous diseases occur in both gymnosperms and angiosperms, but are more numerous and more significant in deciduous broadleaf trees.Trabajo de suficiencia profesionalAp

El Rediseño de la Gráfica Marcaria de Tu Respaldo Seguro

El nombre de una empresa es el primer contacto que tiene un cliente como identificador y que lo va a ayudar a diferenciarlo de sus competidores y así mismo a las empresas los ayuda a posicionarse en el mercado, es asi como inicia el rediseño de la marca de Tu Respaldo

AFL-CIO Legislative Guide: 112th Congress (2011–2012)

The AFL-CIO Legislative Guide for the 112th Congress covers the following issues as they relate to labor and public policy: The Economy Freedom to Form a Union Health Care Retirement Security Core Labor Laws, Labor Standards and Workplace Protections Education, Civil and Human Rights, Fair and Open Elections The Global Econom

Knowledge Management in Food Supply Chains

The object of the present article is to discuss Knowledge Management (KM) in the Agrifood Supply Chain (ASC). In the 21st century, the ASC is under strong tensions. This is evident in the drastic changes in the global scene. For example, in the year 2008, food prices were high and unstable. In the last years, the importance of knowledge as a source of competitive advantage for organizations has increased considerably, so it is necessary its management in the ASC in order to surpass the challenges of the 21st century. KM is a direction tool that focuses in determining, organizing, directing, providing and supervising the practices and activities related with the knowledge (intangible active) required to achieve the strategies and objectives of the business or industry, generating a value for the organization at the moment to reach capabilities and competences. In inter-organizational environments, KM is centered on horizontal alliances between two or more partners. However, there are few authors who have analyzed the vertical alliances between suppliers and customers (the supply chain). The existing KM models are applicable for the ASC, as long as a series of conditions are present in the same one. Among these conditions there is one which prevails: The different enterprises that integrate the ASC must coordinate themselves in order to constitute a dynamic network, in which learning barriers are eliminated, so knowledge can flow freely through them. In conclusion, the development of KM models in the ASC, in the framework of untimely, temporary and structural changes in the globalised world, represents a necessary tool to offer safety and quality food to the world-wide population in the 21st century. In this way, food markets will tend to become stabilized in the long term and adequate answers can be provided to the more vulnerable communities and region

Cycle of Knowledge in the Management of the Supply Chain of Corn for Human Consumption

The objective of this study is to characterize the cycle of knowledge in the supply chain of the industry of corn for human consumption. White corn is cultivated almost exclusively for human consumption and it has a significant value in the food supply in countries whose diet has a high proportion of this variety of corn, such as: Venezuela, México and Colombia in America, and the Republic of South Africa and Sahel countries in Africa. Corn is produced in Venezuela, under rainfed conditions and in a highly mechanized production system. The cycle of knowledge is defined as a progressive spiral in which knowledge is created, stored, transferred, applied and preserved, in order to increase the competitiveness and  sustainability of organizations and companies in the food supply chain. This non experimental and crosssectional research is of a descriptive type. It was conducted in Venezuela during the second semester of 2009 in the supply chain of white corn, specifically, at the level of first tier producers (primary sector). The population is constituted by 1,754 producers of corn in the most important producing regions of the country. The representative sample was selected by the stratified sampling technique with proportional allocation: by association of corn producers and according to the grain yield. A questionnaire was designed and conducted according to the structured survey method. Its validity was verified by discriminant tests of items and its reliability through Bartlett's test, variance factorial analysis, Kaiser/Meyer/Olkin and Cronbach Alpha, achieving the last one a value of 0.9276.The production units have an average area of 67.17 ha, with 1.97 permanent workers and 4.06 temporary workers. They obtained a physical productivity of 4,210.45 kg/ha. The Knowledge Index (KI) achieved a value of 69.78% and the Perception Index of the results (PI) was 76.06%. The Pearson correlation among these indices was positive and significant with a value of 0.51. The factorial analysis for principal components with rotated factors allows obtaining four factors from the five dimensions originally considered. These factors are: (1) knowledge creation, (2) knowledge storage, (3) knowledge transfer and application, and (4) preservation of knowledge.The results allow us to conclude that the cycle of knowledge is managed in four stages in an intuitive and predominantly tacit manner which is the reason why those practices related to explicit knowledge become the agents of differentiation. Moreover, the existence of a positive correlation between the Knowledge Index and the Perception Index of the positive results by the producer was also proven

Gestion del conocimiento en el sector agroalimentario

The objective of the article is to discourse about the management of the knowledge in the food chain. In the 21st century the food chain is being submitted to forts tense that can affect negatively its capacity to give the alimentary products to the whole world population. In this sense, the public opinion is increasingly sensible and the technical and legal procedures that govern the theme are more exigent in function to reach a food supply: sufficient, opportune, continuous and of quality to accessible costs, without prejudice of the health of the consumers and of the maintenance of the environment. This purpose could be reached if the knowledge is managed adequately, because this one has become into a source of competitive advantage for the organizations. The management of the knowledge is a tool of strategic direction of the practices and activities related to the knowledge (intangible actives) required to reach the objectives of the business or industry. Its application in the food industry will improve its levels of competitiveness and sustainability. Key words: food chain, management of the knowledg

Geodetic Study of the 2006–2010 Ground Deformation in La Palma (Canary Islands): Observational Results

La Palma is one of the youngest of the Canary Islands, and historically the most active. The recent activity and unrest in the archipelago, the moderate seismicity observed in 2017 and 2018 and the possibility of catastrophic landslides related to the Cumbre Vieja volcano have made it strongly advisable to ensure a realistic knowledge of the background surface deformation on the island. This will then allow any anomalous deformation related to potential volcanic unrest on the island to be detected by monitoring the surface deformation. We describe here the observation results obtained during the 2006–2010 period using geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Advanced Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (A-DInSAR) and microgravimetry. These results show that, although there are no significant associated variations in gravity, there is a clear surface deformation that is spatially and temporally variable. Our results are discussed from the point of view of the unrest and its implications for the definition of an operational geodetic monitoring system for the islan

El ciclo del conocimiento en la producción de maíz (Zea mays L.)

El estudio tuvo por objeto caracterizar el ciclo del conocimiento en la producción de maíz (Zea mays L.). Venezuela tiene una importante producción de este rubro que forma parte de su dieta diaria. El conocimiento se crea, se almacena, se transfiere, se aplica y se preserva, en un ciclo que tiene la finalidad de incrementar la competitividad y sustentabilidad de las organizaciones. Se dise- ñó y aplicó una encuesta de 36 ítems a una muestra de 234 productores. El índice de conocimiento fue de 69,78% y el índice de percepción de resultados fue de 76,06%, encontrándose una relación positiva entre ambas variables. Se evidenció la ocurrencia del ciclo del conocimiento en cuatro etapas en las que interactuaron medios explícitos y tácito

Study of cliff shoreline erosion

doi: 10.9753/icce.v33.sediment.96In this paper the cliff shoreline erosion on the coastline between Punta Montijo and the Chipiona Port (Cadiz, Spain) is studied. The reasons which cause this erosive phenomenon and the future erosive tendency of these cliffs are estimated, obtaining magnitudes of recession and the rate at which it will occur. Analysis of the current situation has been carried out by determining its plan shape, the study of the theoretical erosion profile of the cliffs and the verification of their failure. The future evolution of the cliffs shoreline has been analysed through the simulation of its recession and the study of the profile response to storm wave action. Finally, is presented a model to estimate the recession of the cliff shoreline.Directorate General for the Sustainability of the Coast and the Sea of the Government of Spainhttp://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/695

Early peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulated genes involved in expansion of pancreatic beta cell mass.

BACKGROUND: The progression towards type 2 diabetes depends on the allostatic response of pancreatic beta cells to synthesise and secrete enough insulin to compensate for insulin resistance. The endocrine pancreas is a plastic tissue able to expand or regress in response to the requirements imposed by physiological and pathophysiological states associated to insulin resistance such as pregnancy, obesity or ageing, but the mechanisms mediating beta cell mass expansion in these scenarios are not well defined. We have recently shown that ob/ob mice with genetic ablation of PPARγ2, a mouse model known as the POKO mouse failed to expand its beta cell mass. This phenotype contrasted with the appropriate expansion of the beta cell mass observed in their obese littermate ob/ob mice. Thus, comparison of these models islets particularly at early ages could provide some new insights on early PPARγ dependent transcriptional responses involved in the process of beta cell mass expansion RESULTS: Here we have investigated PPARγ dependent transcriptional responses occurring during the early stages of beta cell adaptation to insulin resistance in wild type, ob/ob, PPARγ2 KO and POKO mice. We have identified genes known to regulate both the rate of proliferation and the survival signals of beta cells. Moreover we have also identified new pathways induced in ob/ob islets that remained unchanged in POKO islets, suggesting an important role for PPARγ in maintenance/activation of mechanisms essential for the continued function of the beta cell. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the expansion of beta cell mass observed in ob/ob islets is associated with the activation of an immune response that fails to occur in POKO islets. We have also indentified other PPARγ dependent differentially regulated pathways including cholesterol biosynthesis, apoptosis through TGF-β signaling and decreased oxidative phosphorylation.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are