Executive Summary of Work Package 3 on Availability and Choice of Care of the ANCIEN Project. ENEPRI Research Report No. 101, February 2012

Work Package 3 on the Availability and Choice of Care of the ANCIEN project aims to document the forces driving the choice of formal and informal care across European countries and to characterise the linkages between the type of care used by dependent people and a country's institutional setting, which determines the supply of formal and informal care. Different issues related to formal and informal care choices and the LTC (long-term care) institutional setting in the EU have been analysed by the WP3 contributors. This research report summarises each partner’s contribution

Moroccans' assimilation in Spain: Family-based versus labor-based migration

An important immigration policy regime endogeneity, and immigrants' unobserved heterogeneity. To address the first problem, we focus in a country with an unprecedented immigration boom that lets immigrants freely into a country: Spain. To address the second problem, we focus on a large and homogenous group of immigrants: Moroccans. Using the 2007 Encuesta Nacional de Immigración (ENI), we find that, even when focusing on a very homogenous group of migrants (Moroccans) who tend to be low-skilled, and after controlling for migrants' self-selection with employment history prior to and at arrival, family-based immigrants are less likely to work than their labor-based counterparts both at arrival and ten years later. Our Heckman-corrected estimates highlight that there are no monthly earnings differences by reason of arrival, and that failure to correct for labor force participation strongly biases these results

Moroccans', Ecuadorians' and Romanians' assimilation in Spain

Using the 2007 Encuesta Nacional de Immigración (ENI), we find that male migrants follow a similar labor and legal assimilation pattern in Spain regardless of their nationality (with Romanians faring worse in terms of legal status but better in terms of employment status at arrival). Among women, Moroccans and Ecuadorians follow a similar pattern that contrasts with the one observed among Romanian women. While the former mainly arrive to Spain to work with legal status and with time in Spain (some of them) move out of employment, the latter are considerably (and persistently) more attached to the labor force, although they tend to lack legal status at arrival, and only gain such status overtime. Controlling for observable characteristics and using Heckman-corrected estimates, our wage analysis finds that with the exception of Moroccan and Romanian males for which no wage differences are observed, Moroccans outperform the other two nationalities in terms of higher wages at arrival. Moreover, this wage differential does not decrease over time

Performance Pay and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Spain

This paper uses detailed information from a large wage survey in 2006 to analyze the gender wage gap in the performance-pay (PP) component of total hourly wages and its contribution to the overall gender gap in Spain. Under the assumption that PP is determined in a more competitive fashion than the other wage components, one would expect, in principle, to find a low gender gap in PP. However, this is not what we find. After controlling for observable differences in individual and job characteristics as well as for non random selection, the adjusted gender gap in PP reaches 26 log points, displaying a "glass ceiling" pattern. After examining several alternative theories that could rationalize these findings, we conjecture that monopsonistic features, possibly related to women's lower labour mobility due to housework, fit better with our results than other theories related to occupational segregation.performance pay, gender gaps, selection bias, quantile regressions

The Spanish Long-term Care System. ENEPRI Research Report No. 88, 15 June 2010

Launched in January 2009, ANCIEN is a research project that runs for a 44-month period and involves 20 partners from EU member states. The project principally concerns the future of long-term care (LTC) for the elderly in Europe and addresses two questions in particular: 1) How will need, demand, supply and use of LTC develop? 2) How do different systems of LTC perform? This case study on Spain is part of the first stage in the project aimed at collecting the basic data and necessary information to portray long-term care in each country of the EU. It will be followed by analysis and projections of future scenarios on long-term care needs, use, quality assurance and system performance. State-of-the-art demographic, epidemiologic and econometric modelling will be used to interpret and project needs, supply and use of long-term care over future time periods for different LTC systems

Performance pay and the gender wage gap : evidence from Spain.

This paper uses detailed information from a large wage survey in 2006 to analyze the gender wage gap in the performance-pay (PP) component of total hourly wages and its contribution to the overall gender gap in Spain. Under the assumption that PP is determined in a more competitive fashion than the other wage components, one would expect, in principle, to find a low gender gap in PP. However, this is not what we find. After controlling for observable differences in individual and job characteristics as well as for non random selection, the adjusted gender gap in PP reaches 26 log points, displaying a "glass ceiling" pattern. After examining several alternative theories that could rationalize these findings, we conjecture that monopsonistic features, possibly related to women’s lower labour mobility due to housework, fit better with our results than other theories related to occupational segregationGender gaps; Performance pay; Quantile regressions; Selection bias;

Wage and occupational assimilation by skill level

While much of the literature on immigrants' assimilation has focused on countries with a large tradition of receiving immigrants and with flexible labor markets, very little is known on how immigrants adjust to other types of host economies. With its severe dual labor market, and an unprecedented immigration boom, Spain presents a quite unique experience to analyze immigrations' assimilation process. Using alternative datasets and methodologies, this paper provides evidence of a differential assimilation pattern for low- versus high-skilled immigrants in Spain: our key finding is that having a high-school degree does not give immigrants an advantage in terms occupational or wage assimilation (relative to their native counterparts)

Three essays on the relative outcomes of minority groups in the Spanish labour market

Esta tesis se compone de tres capítulos donde se analiza el comportamiento de tres grupos de trabajadores, generalmente calificados como grupos minoritarios, pertenecientes al mercado laboral en España. Se trata de los inmigrantes, las mujeres y los trabajadores con edades próximas a la jubilación. Nos centramos en analizar temas relacionados con el flujo de rentas que reciben dichos trabajadores así como en sus trayectorias laborales. Para ello, se utilizan diferentes enfoques empíricos aplicados a datos procedentes de las únicas fuentes de datos en España que proporcionan información concerniente a los ingresos de los trabajadores: Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL), en el primer y tercer capítulo, y la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial (EES) en el segundo capítuloThis dissertation consists of three chapters which examine relevant issues related to the outcomes of three minority groups (immigrants, women and elderly workers) in the Spanish labor market. Throughout the dissertation, several features related to wage profiles and individuals' labor careers are analyzed from different economic perspectives. To do so, I use the only available sources in Spain of wage micro data, namely, the Continuous Sample of Working Histories (MCVL), in the first and third chapter, and the Earnings Structure Survey (EES) in the second chapterIzquierdo, Mario ; Lacuesta, Aitor ; Vegas, Raquel. Asimilación salarial de los inmigrantes en España : un análisis longitudinal = Assimilation of immigrants in Spain : a lomgitudinal analysis / Rica, Sara de la ; Dolado, Juan José ; Vegas Sánchez, Raquel. Remuneración variable por rendimiento y diferencial salarial de género en España = Performance pay and the gender wage gap in Spain / Vegas Sánchez, Raquel. Evaluando los incentivos para la jubilación anticipada en España = Evaluating the incentives to early retirement in Spai

Dietes miracle i productes per aprimar

Treballs d'Educació Farmacètica als ciutadans. Unitat Docent d'Estades en Pràctiques Tutelades. UCD Barcelonès Nord, Maresme i Centre. Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2014, Tutores: Mª Àngels Via Sosa i Maria Rubio Varela Coordinadora: Marian March Pujol,Un dels problemes de les dietes miracle és que estan elaborades per persones no relacionades amb el camp de la nutrició i tenen en comú una ràpida pèrdua de pes sense esforços físics. En la majoria de casos implicaran grans restriccions calòriques amb situacions de carències de vitamines i minerals, podent causar greus alteracions metabòliques. L'èxit de les dietes es basa en una pèrdua de massa muscular associada a una situació de semi-dejú perllongat on l'organisme, davant d'una falta d'energia, utilitzarà com a font alternativa d'energia les proteïnes del cos..

Bank lending standards over the cycle : the role of firms’ productivity and credit risk

En este trabajo mostramos que los estándares de concesión de préstamos por parte de los bancos se ven afectados por las condiciones macroeconómicas. Utilizamos datos mensuales entre 2002 y 2015 de la Central de Información de Riesgos del Banco de España (CIRBE), que nos permiten monitorear todas las solicitudes de préstamos realizadas por empresas no financieras a bancos con los que no tienen relación crediticia previa. Con el objetivo de analizar la prociclicalidad del apetito por el riesgo de los bancos, investigamos cómo la probabilidad de otorgar un préstamo cambia en función de dos características de las empresas (riesgo de crédito ex ante y productividad) y cómo esta relación varía a lo largo del ciclo económico, que medimos mediante el crecimiento del PIB y los cambios en tipos de interés. Nuestra estrategia de identificación se basa en la inclusión de efectos fijos de empresa y banco-mes en nuestras regresiones, de modo que explotamos diferencias en la concesión de préstamos del mismo banco en el mismo mes a empresas que son diferentes en términos de productividad y riesgo de crédito. Nuestros resultados indican que los bancos relajan sus estándares de crédito en momentos de expansión económica y/o de caídas de tipos de interés, y los endurecen durante la fase recesiva y/o cuando aumentan los tipos de interés. Este patrón es especialmente relevante en el caso de la productividad de las empresas, lo que podría explicar en parte la caída de la productividad agregada en España durante el período expansivo previo a la crisis. Finalmente, también encontramos que estos patrones cíclicos son más pronunciados entre los bancos menos capitalizados, menos líquidos y más rentablesWe show that bank lending standards are influenced by macroeconomic conditions. We use monthly data from the Banco de España Central Credit Register, which allow us to monitor all loan applications made by non-financial firms to non-current banks from 2002 to 2015. To test the pro-cyclicality of banks’ appetite for risk, we investigate how two firm characteristics (ex-ante credit risk and productivity) interacting with two macroeconomic indicators (business cycle and the monetary policy stance) affect the probability of granting a loan. In order to enhance identification we account for unobserved heterogeneity by means of firm and banktime fixed effects. Our findings indicate that banks soften their credit standards during booms or when monetary policy is loose to harden them during busts or when short-term interest rates increase. This pattern is especially relevant in the case of firms’ productivity, which might partly explain the dismal evolution of aggregate productivity in Spain during the pre-crisis period. Finally, we also find that these results are more pronounced among less capitalized, less liquid and more profitable bank