24 research outputs found
Milieux urbains et exposition aux ActinobactĂ©ries pathogĂšnes : cas particulier des bassins dâinfiltration
In cities, runoff waters are collected and directed toward infiltration basins. They collect during flooding and soils or roofs leaching diverse pollutants: hydrocarbons, organic matter, heavy metals. These accumulated particles on the infiltration basins surface constitute a layer of urban sediments rich in pollutants that constitute a new ecological niche for opportunistic pathogens. Pathogenic Actinobacteria whose Nocardia cyriacigeorgica are found here. For the moment, physiopathological studies performed on this species were done only on clinical strains and donât take into consideration environmental isolates. Main objectives of this thesis were to assess the spatial-temporal biodiversity of Actinobacteria present in the sediments of the infiltration basin with a more specific focus on Nocardia pathogenic species, and to establish phylogenetic links between strains from an urban environment and the ones arising from French patients affected by nocardiosis and so determine the hazardousness of these environmental clones. Three sampling campaigns were performed in the infiltration basin of the Lyon east area (Django-Reinhardt) during spring, summer and autumn. The actinobacterial biodiversity was described for the first time by next generation sequencing (NGS) tools with the hsp65 marker. The infraspecific diversity of the environmental isolates of N. cyriacigeorgica arising from the infiltration basin et clinical strains provided by the French Observatory of Nocardiosis was quantified by a multilocus analysis (rrs-hsp65-sodA-secA1). The virulence of the two model strains urban EML446 and clinical GUH-2 of N. cyriacigeorgica was assessed by comparative genomics on the virulence genes of the two genomes, then by animal testing on a murine model of transient immunoparalysis CLP 30 %. Results highlight the variability of the spatial-temporal diversity of the pathogenic and indigenous Actinobacteria species dominated by around 80 % of the genus Mycobacterium and Nocardia present too in the sediments of the Django-Reinhardt infiltration basin. Mercury, copper and humidity seem to favor the development of pathogenic species. The urban strain EML446, that doesnât be part of the highly pathogenic GUH-2 phylogroup, harbors an important pathogenicity on the murine model of transient immunoparalysis at a dose of 1,0x106 CFU/mice, as well as a similar virulence genes content. To conclude, this thesis highlights the microbial risk due to the presence of the N. cyriacigeorgica pathogenic species in a polluted urban environment linked to the runoff water management. It also opens new perspectives on the N. cyriacigeorgica taxonomic reorganization and a potential split in three distinct species that could impact the virulence and antibiotic resistance, as well as the use of new tools for the fine identification of clinic or environmental isolates of Nocardia bacterial communities by hsp65 metabarcoding or by MALDI-ToF MSEn ville, les eaux pluviales sont collectĂ©es et dirigĂ©es vers des bassins dâinfiltration. Elles amassent lors du ruissellement et du lessivage des sols et des toitures des polluants divers : hydrocarbures, matiĂšres organiques, mĂ©taux lourds. Ces particules accumulĂ©es Ă la surface des bassins dâinfiltration forment une couche de sĂ©diments urbains riches en polluants qui reprĂ©sentent une nouvelle niche Ă©cologique pour des bactĂ©ries pathogĂšnes opportunistes. On retrouve des ActinobactĂ©ries pathogĂšnes dont Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. Pour lâheure, les Ă©tudes rĂ©alisĂ©es sur cette espĂšce en terme de physiopathologie lâont Ă©tĂ© uniquement sur des souches cliniques et ne prennent pas compte les isolats environnementaux. Les principaux objectifs de ces travaux de thĂšse Ă©taient dâĂ©valuer la biodiversitĂ© spatio-temporelle des ActinobactĂ©ries prĂ©sentes dans les sĂ©diments dâun bassin dâinfiltration avec un focus sur les espĂšces pathogĂšnes du genre Nocardia, mais Ă©galement dâĂ©tablir des liens phylogĂ©nĂ©tiques entre des souches isolĂ©es dâun environnement urbain et des souches provenant de patients français atteints de nocardiose, et ainsi dĂ©terminer la dangerositĂ© de ces clones environnementaux. Trois campagnes dâĂ©chantillonnage ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es dans un bassin dâinfiltration de lâEst lyonnais (Django-Reinhardt) au printemps, en Ă©tĂ© et en automne. La biodiversitĂ© des communautĂ©s dâActinobactĂ©ries a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crite pour la premiĂšre fois par mĂ©thode de sĂ©quençage nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration Ă lâaide du marqueur hsp65. La diversitĂ© infraspĂ©cifique des isolats environnementaux de N. cyriacigeorgica provenant du bassin dâinfiltration et de souches cliniques fournies par lâObservatoire Français des Nocardioses a Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©e par une analyse multiloci (rrs-hsp65-sodA-secA1). La virulence des deux souches modĂšles urbaine EML446 et clinique GUH-2 de N. cyriacigeorgica a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par gĂ©nomique comparative en Ă©tudiant le contenu en gĂšnes de virulence des deux gĂ©nomes, puis par expĂ©rimentation animale sur modĂšle murin dâimmunoparalysie transitoire CLP 30 %. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail mettent en Ă©vidence la variabilitĂ© de la diversitĂ© spatio-temporelle des espĂšces pathogĂšnes et indigĂšnes dâActinobactĂ©ries dominĂ©es par environ 80 % de bactĂ©ries du genre Mycobacterium mais Ă©galement de Nocardia dans les sĂ©diments du bassin dâinfiltration Django-Reinhardt. Le mercure, le cuivre et une forte humiditĂ© semblent favoriser le dĂ©veloppement des espĂšces pathogĂšnes. La souche urbaine EML446, nâappartenant pas au phylogroupe contenant la souche hautement pathogĂšne GUH-2, prĂ©sente tout de mĂȘme un fort pouvoir pathogĂšne sur modĂšle murin dâimmunoparalysie transitoire Ă une dose de 1,0x106 UFC/souris ainsi que des contenus en gĂšnes de virulence semblables. En conclusion, cette thĂšse a mis en Ă©vidence un risque microbiologique liĂ© Ă la prĂ©sence de lâespĂšce pathogĂšne N. cyriacigeorgica dans un environnement urbain polluĂ© en lien avec la gestion des eaux pluviales. Elle ouvre ainsi des perspectives sur la rĂ©organisation taxonomique de N. cyriacigeorgica et une potentielle scission en trois espĂšces distinctes, pouvant avoir un impact en terme de virulence ou dâantibiorĂ©sistance, mais Ă©galement sur lâutilisation de nouveaux outils permettant lâidentification fine aussi bien clinique que dans lâenvironnement dâisolats ou de communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes de Nocardia par mĂ©tabarcoding Ă lâaide du marqueur hsp65 et par MALDI-ToF M
Urban field and exposure to pathogenic Actinobacteria : particular case of infiltration basins
En ville, les eaux pluviales sont collectĂ©es et dirigĂ©es vers des bassins dâinfiltration. Elles amassent lors du ruissellement et du lessivage des sols et des toitures des polluants divers : hydrocarbures, matiĂšres organiques, mĂ©taux lourds. Ces particules accumulĂ©es Ă la surface des bassins dâinfiltration forment une couche de sĂ©diments urbains riches en polluants qui reprĂ©sentent une nouvelle niche Ă©cologique pour des bactĂ©ries pathogĂšnes opportunistes. On retrouve des ActinobactĂ©ries pathogĂšnes dont Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. Pour lâheure, les Ă©tudes rĂ©alisĂ©es sur cette espĂšce en terme de physiopathologie lâont Ă©tĂ© uniquement sur des souches cliniques et ne prennent pas compte les isolats environnementaux. Les principaux objectifs de ces travaux de thĂšse Ă©taient dâĂ©valuer la biodiversitĂ© spatio-temporelle des ActinobactĂ©ries prĂ©sentes dans les sĂ©diments dâun bassin dâinfiltration avec un focus sur les espĂšces pathogĂšnes du genre Nocardia, mais Ă©galement dâĂ©tablir des liens phylogĂ©nĂ©tiques entre des souches isolĂ©es dâun environnement urbain et des souches provenant de patients français atteints de nocardiose, et ainsi dĂ©terminer la dangerositĂ© de ces clones environnementaux. Trois campagnes dâĂ©chantillonnage ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es dans un bassin dâinfiltration de lâEst lyonnais (Django-Reinhardt) au printemps, en Ă©tĂ© et en automne. La biodiversitĂ© des communautĂ©s dâActinobactĂ©ries a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crite pour la premiĂšre fois par mĂ©thode de sĂ©quençage nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration Ă lâaide du marqueur hsp65. La diversitĂ© infraspĂ©cifique des isolats environnementaux de N. cyriacigeorgica provenant du bassin dâinfiltration et de souches cliniques fournies par lâObservatoire Français des Nocardioses a Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©e par une analyse multiloci (rrs-hsp65-sodA-secA1). La virulence des deux souches modĂšles urbaine EML446 et clinique GUH-2 de N. cyriacigeorgica a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par gĂ©nomique comparative en Ă©tudiant le contenu en gĂšnes de virulence des deux gĂ©nomes, puis par expĂ©rimentation animale sur modĂšle murin dâimmunoparalysie transitoire CLP 30 %. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail mettent en Ă©vidence la variabilitĂ© de la diversitĂ© spatio-temporelle des espĂšces pathogĂšnes et indigĂšnes dâActinobactĂ©ries dominĂ©es par environ 80 % de bactĂ©ries du genre Mycobacterium mais Ă©galement de Nocardia dans les sĂ©diments du bassin dâinfiltration Django-Reinhardt. Le mercure, le cuivre et une forte humiditĂ© semblent favoriser le dĂ©veloppement des espĂšces pathogĂšnes. La souche urbaine EML446, nâappartenant pas au phylogroupe contenant la souche hautement pathogĂšne GUH-2, prĂ©sente tout de mĂȘme un fort pouvoir pathogĂšne sur modĂšle murin dâimmunoparalysie transitoire Ă une dose de 1,0x106 UFC/souris ainsi que des contenus en gĂšnes de virulence semblables. En conclusion, cette thĂšse a mis en Ă©vidence un risque microbiologique liĂ© Ă la prĂ©sence de lâespĂšce pathogĂšne N. cyriacigeorgica dans un environnement urbain polluĂ© en lien avec la gestion des eaux pluviales. Elle ouvre ainsi des perspectives sur la rĂ©organisation taxonomique de N. cyriacigeorgica et une potentielle scission en trois espĂšces distinctes, pouvant avoir un impact en terme de virulence ou dâantibiorĂ©sistance, mais Ă©galement sur lâutilisation de nouveaux outils permettant lâidentification fine aussi bien clinique que dans lâenvironnement dâisolats ou de communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes de Nocardia par mĂ©tabarcoding Ă lâaide du marqueur hsp65 et par MALDI-ToF MSIn cities, runoff waters are collected and directed toward infiltration basins. They collect during flooding and soils or roofs leaching diverse pollutants: hydrocarbons, organic matter, heavy metals. These accumulated particles on the infiltration basins surface constitute a layer of urban sediments rich in pollutants that constitute a new ecological niche for opportunistic pathogens. Pathogenic Actinobacteria whose Nocardia cyriacigeorgica are found here. For the moment, physiopathological studies performed on this species were done only on clinical strains and donât take into consideration environmental isolates. Main objectives of this thesis were to assess the spatial-temporal biodiversity of Actinobacteria present in the sediments of the infiltration basin with a more specific focus on Nocardia pathogenic species, and to establish phylogenetic links between strains from an urban environment and the ones arising from French patients affected by nocardiosis and so determine the hazardousness of these environmental clones. Three sampling campaigns were performed in the infiltration basin of the Lyon east area (Django-Reinhardt) during spring, summer and autumn. The actinobacterial biodiversity was described for the first time by next generation sequencing (NGS) tools with the hsp65 marker. The infraspecific diversity of the environmental isolates of N. cyriacigeorgica arising from the infiltration basin et clinical strains provided by the French Observatory of Nocardiosis was quantified by a multilocus analysis (rrs-hsp65-sodA-secA1). The virulence of the two model strains urban EML446 and clinical GUH-2 of N. cyriacigeorgica was assessed by comparative genomics on the virulence genes of the two genomes, then by animal testing on a murine model of transient immunoparalysis CLP 30 %. Results highlight the variability of the spatial-temporal diversity of the pathogenic and indigenous Actinobacteria species dominated by around 80 % of the genus Mycobacterium and Nocardia present too in the sediments of the Django-Reinhardt infiltration basin. Mercury, copper and humidity seem to favor the development of pathogenic species. The urban strain EML446, that doesnât be part of the highly pathogenic GUH-2 phylogroup, harbors an important pathogenicity on the murine model of transient immunoparalysis at a dose of 1,0x106 CFU/mice, as well as a similar virulence genes content. To conclude, this thesis highlights the microbial risk due to the presence of the N. cyriacigeorgica pathogenic species in a polluted urban environment linked to the runoff water management. It also opens new perspectives on the N. cyriacigeorgica taxonomic reorganization and a potential split in three distinct species that could impact the virulence and antibiotic resistance, as well as the use of new tools for the fine identification of clinic or environmental isolates of Nocardia bacterial communities by hsp65 metabarcoding or by MALDI-ToF M
Significant transfer of bacteria from runoff to groundwater impacted by alternative stormwater management techniques
International audienceLes processus d'infiltration des eaux pluviales prĂ©sentent un intĂ©rĂȘt croissant dans les pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s, car ils contribuent Ă rĂ©duire les phĂ©nomĂšnes d'inondation et d'Ă©rosion, et permettent de prĂ©server les rĂ©serves en eau. Cependant, le ruissellement des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain remobilise divers contaminants dont des microorganismes pouvant prĂ©senter un risque pour la santĂ© humaine. Pour Ă©valuer l'incidence des transferts bactĂ©riens sur la qualitĂ© des eaux souterraines, nous avons effectuĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse de banques de sĂ©quences codant l'ARN ribosomique 16S issus du systĂšme d'infiltration des eaux pluviales d'une zone industrielle (Chassieu, France). Les jeux de donnĂ©es analysĂ©s englobent plus de 100 Ă©chantillons, comprenant des eaux de ruissellement, des dĂ©pĂŽts du bassin de rĂ©tention, des sols du bassin d'infiltration ainsi que des eaux et biofilms prĂ©levĂ©s dans l'aquifĂšre connectĂ©. Une approche BayĂ©sienne permettant le suivi des sources bactĂ©riennes avec ces donnĂ©es a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes libres dans l'aquifĂšre Ă©taient peu ou modĂ©rĂ©ment affectĂ©es par l'infiltration des eaux pluviales. En revanche, les eaux de ruissellement du bassin versant et les dĂ©pĂŽts du bassin de rĂ©tention ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme les principaux contributeurs de bactĂ©ries formant des biofilms Ă la surface de billes d'argile incubĂ©es dans les eaux souterraines. Des genres bactĂ©riens potentiellement pathogĂšnes ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s Ă la fois en surface et dans l'aquifĂšre. ABSTRACT Stormwater infiltration processes are of increasing interest in developed countries as they reduce urban floods and soil erosion, and alleviate water shortages. However, while flowing over impervious urban surfaces, stormwaters remobilize diverse contaminants and become a source of nonpoint pollution. Among urban contaminants, microbial pathogens reaching underground waters are one of the most serious threats to human health. To gain insights on the incidence of bacterial transfers on the quality of underground waters, a meta-analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries from a model stormwater infiltration system (SIS) of an industrial area (Chassieu, France) was performed. The DNA datasets came from more than 100 samples, including watershed runoff, detention basin deposits, infiltration basin soils as well as waters and biofilms taken from the connected aquifer. A Bayesian bacterial source tracking approach using such DNA datasets revealed that free-living bacterial communities in groundwater were slightly affected by bacteria from the upper parts of the SIS and the watershed. In contrast, bacteria from runoffs and detention basin deposits were found to be the main groups developing as biofilms over clay beads exposed to groundwaters. Potentially pathogenic bacterial genera found in the surface samples were detected in the aquifer samples
Study of the spontaneous formation of organic layers on carbon and metal surfaces from diazonium salts.
International audienc
Comparison of Actinobacteria communities from humanâimpacted and pristine karst caves
International audienceActinobacteria are important cave inhabitants, but knowledge of how anthropization and anthropization-related visual marks affect this community on cave walls is lacking. We compared Actinobacteria communities among four French limestone caves (Mouflon, Reille, Rouffignac, and Lascaux) ranging from pristine to anthropized, and within Lascaux Cave between marked (wall visual marks) and unmarked areas in different rooms (Sas-1, Passage, Apse, and Diaclase). In addition to the 16S rRNA gene marker, 441 bp fragments of the hsp65 gene were used and an hsp65-related taxonomic database was constructed for the identification of Actinobacteria to the species level by Illumina-MiSeq analysis. The hsp65 marker revealed higher resolution for species and higher richness (99% operational taxonomic units cutoff) versus the 16S rRNA gene; however, more taxa were identified at higher taxonomic ranks. Actinobacteria communities varied between Mouflon and Reille caves (both pristine), and Rouffignac and Lascaux (both anthropized). Rouffignac displayed high diversity of Nocardia, suggesting human inputs, and Lascaux exhibited high Mycobacterium relative abundance, whereas Gaiellales were typical in pristine caves and the Diaclase (least affected area of Lascaux Cave). Within Lascaux, Pseudonocardiaceae dominated on unmarked walls and Streptomycetaceae (especially Streptomyces mirabilis) on marked walls, indicating a possible role in mark formation. A new taxonomic database was developed. Although not all Actinobacteria species were represented, the use of the hsp65 marker enabled species-level variations of the Actinobacteria community to be documented based on the extent of anthropogenic pressure. This approach proved effective when comparing different limestone caves or specific conditions within one cave
The effects of plant nutritional strategy on soil microbial denitrification activity through rhizosphere primary metabolites
The aim of this study was to determine (i) whether plant nutritional strategy affects the composition of primary metabolites exuded into the rhizosphere and (ii) the impact of exuded metabolites on denitrification activity in soil. We answered this question by analysing primary metabolite content extracted from the root-adhering soil (RAS) and the roots of three grasses representing different nutrient management strategies: conservative (Festuca paniculata), intermediate (Bromus erectus) and exploitative (Dactylis glomerata). We also investigated the impact of primary metabolites on soil microbial denitrification enzyme activity without carbon addition, comparing for each plant RAS and bulk soils. Our data show that plant nutritional strategy impacts on primary metabolite composition of root extracts or RAS. Further we show, for the first time, that RAS-extracted primary metabolites are probably better indicators to explain plant nutrient strategy than root-extracted ones. In addition, our results show that some primary metabolites present in the RAS were well correlated with soil microbial denitrification activity with positive relationships found between denitrification and the presence of some organic acids and negative ones with the presence of xylose. We demonstrated that the analysis of primary metabolites extracted from the RAS is probably more pertinent to evaluate the impact of plant on soil microbial community functioning
Genome Sequences of Three Nocardia cyriacigeorgica Strains and One Nocardia asteroides Strain
International audienceWe report four draft genome sequences of Nocardia spp. The strains are the Nocardia cyriacigeorgica DSM 44484 pathogenic type strain; two environmental isolates, Nocardia cyriacigeorgica EML446 and EML1456; and the Nocardia asteroides ATCC 19247 nonpathogenic type strain, with estimated genome sizes of 6.3 to 6.8 Mb. The study of these isolates will provide insight into physiology, evolution, and pathogenicity of Nocardia spp
Assessment of VITEK MS IVD database V3.0 for identification of Nocardia spp. using two culture media and comparing direct smear and protein extraction procedures
We assessed the performance of the VITEK MS IVD V3.0 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) V3.0 database for the identification of Nocardia spp. as compared with targeted DNA sequencing. A collection of 222 DNA sequence-defined Nocardia spp. strains encompassing 18 different species present or not in the database was tested. Bromocresol purple agar (BCP) and Columbia agar +5% sheep's blood (COS) culture media were used together with two different preparation steps: direct smear and a "3 attempts" procedure that covered (1) spotting of an extract, (2) new spotting of the same extract, and (3) spotting of a new extract. The direct smear protocol yielded low correct identification rates (<= 15% for both media) whereas protein extraction yielded correct identification results (\\textgreater 67% regardless of the media used.). The use of 2 additional attempts using repeat or new extracts increased correct identification rates to 87% and 91% for BCP and COS, respectively. When using the 3 attempts procedure, the best identification results, independent of media types, were obtained for N. farcinica and N. cyriacigeorgica (100%). Identification attempts 2 and 3 allowed to increase the number of correct identifications (BCP, +20%; COS, +13%). The enhancement in performance during attempts 2 and 3 was remarkable for N. abscessus (81% for both media) and low prevalence species (BCP, 70%; COS, 85%). Up to 3.4% and 2.4% of the strains belonging to species present in the database were misidentified with BCP and COS media, respectively. In 1.9% of the cases for BCP and 1.4% for COS, these misidentifications concerned a species belonging to the same phylogenetic complex. Concerning strains that are not claimed in the V3.0 database, N. puris and N. goodfellowi generated "No identification" results and 100% of the strains belonging to N. arthritidis, N.cerradoensis, and N. altamirensis yielded a misidentification within the same phylogenetic complex. Vitek MS IVD V3.0 is an accurate and useful tool for identification of Nocardia spp