Simulation study of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks, a distributed network of sensor nodes perform critical tasks in many application areas such as target tracking in military applications, detection of catastrophic events, environment monitoring, health applications etc. The routing protocols developed for these distributed sensor networks need to be energy efficient and scalable. To create a better understanding of the performance of various routing protocols proposed it is very important to perform a detailed analysis of them. Network simulators enable us to study the performance and behavior of these protocols on various network topologies. Many Sensor Network frameworks were developed to explore both the networking issues and the distributed computing aspects of wireless sensor networks. The current work of simulation study of routing protocols is done on SensorSimulator, a discrete event simulation framework developed at Sensor Networks Research Laboratory, LSU and on a popular event driven network simulator ns2 developed at UC Berkeley. SensorSimulator is a discrete event simulation framework for sensor networks built over OMNeT++ (Objective Modular Network Test-bed in C++). This framework allows the user to debug and test software for distributed sensor networks. SensorSimulator allows developers and researchers in the area of Sensor Networks to investigate topological, phenomenological, networking, robustness and scaling issues, to explore arbitrary algorithms for distributed sensors, and to defeat those algorithms through simulated failure. The framework has modules for all the layers of a Sensor Network Protocol stack. This thesis is focused on the simulation and performance evaluation of various routing protocols on SensorSimulator and ns2. The performance of the simulator is validated with a comparative study of Directed Diffusion Routing Protocol on both ns2 and SensorSimulator. Then the simulations are done to evaluate the performance of Optimized Broadcast Protocols for Sensor Networks, Efficient Coordination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks on SensorSimulator. Also a performance study of Random Asynchronous Wakeup protocol for Sensor Networks is done on ns2

The Sorry Clause (revision of CentER DP 2016-008)

This paper shows the existence of a sorry equilibrium in a game of imperfect public monitoring. In equilibrium, a self-imposed costly apology tendered after an accidental defection, makes private information public, allowing for continued cooperation. This cost cannot be too high or too low. Efficiency of the sorry equilibrium is evaluated and its welfare outcomes compared to other informal governance mechanisms and the formal legal system. With the possibility of accidental defections, it is shown that informal mechanisms have limitations, while formal legal systems can generate perverse incentives. The analysis demonstrates that apologies serve as a useful economic governance institution

The Sorry Clause (Revision of TILEC DP 2016-004)

This paper shows the existence of a sorry equilibrium in a game of imperfect public monitoring. In equilibrium, a self-imposed costly apology tendered after an accidental defection, makes private information public, allowing for continued cooperation. This cost cannot be too high or too low. Efficiency of the sorry equilibrium is evaluated and its welfare outcomes compared to other informal governance mechanisms and the formal legal system. With the possibility of accidental defections, it is shown that informal mechanisms have limitations, while formal legal systems can generate perverse incentives. The analysis demonstrates that apologies serve as a useful economic governance institution

COVID-19 and rising food prices in India

With India in lockdown and economic activity virtually brought to a standstill, what will the effect of such radical state interventions be on food prices? Here Vatsalya Srivastava (O.P Jindal Global University) and Apurva Harsh (Google, India) explain why we shouldn't look to blame the shopkeeper, what policy options are available to the government n the face of rising food prices, and the best way forward for a large and mostly poor country like India

Left-Right symmetric fermions and sterile neutrinos from complex split biquaternions and bioctonions

In this article we investigate the application of complex split biquaternions and bioctonions to the standard model. We show that the Clifford algebras Cl(3) and Cl(7) can be used for making left-right symmetric fermions. Hence we incorporate right-handed neutrinos in the division algebras based approach to the standard model. The right-handed neutrinos, also known as sterile neutrinos, are a potential dark-matter candidate. We discuss the left-right symmetric fermions and their phenomenology using the division algebra approach. We describe the gauge groups associated with the left-right symmetric model and prospects for unification through division algebras. We investigate the possibility of obtaining three generations of fermions and charge/mass ratios through the exceptional Jordan algebra $J_3(O)$ and the exceptional groups $F_4$ and $E_6$.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Advances in Applied Clifford algebra

Long read: India's coronavirus mass migration: how we've misunderstood the Indian migrant labourer

On 24 March, in a bid to stop the spread of Covid-19, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a complete lockdown of the country. In response, millions of migrant workers left their jobs and began to return to their home villages - but why? Here Sugandha Nagpal (O.P. Jindal Global University, India) and Vatsalya Srivastava argue why most interpretations of their motivations to head home maybe wrong

Development of Parallel CFD Solver for Three Dimnesional Unstructured Grid

The current work develops a general purpose Navier-Stokes semi implicit solver capable of handling three-dimensional unstructured grids. The ow needs to be laminar and incompressible. Species transport equation can also be solved using a segregated algorithm. Pressure Poisson equation that takes most of the solving time has been parallelized using CUDA programming language on GPU, with Algebraic Multigrid for orthogonal unstructured grids. Domain decomposition has been done using greedy colouring method. Single phase jets have been studied in presence of walls has been studied, which is of interest in Internal Combustion engines. Large Eddy simulation (LES) modeling has been employed for simulating turbulent ows using Static Smagrosnky model. Validations have been presented for turbulent round and plane jets. Laminar and turbulent coaxial jets for different velocity ratios for has been simulated and the effect of faster annular jet on the core of inner jet is analyzed and presented

An appraisal of Kshara Kalpana

Ayurveda describes various dosage forms for the administration of the medicament in human body. These dosage forms are denoted by the term Kalpana. Many Kalpana have been described in the classical texts along with five basic Kalpana. One such Kalpana is Kshara Kalpana. The utility of Kshara is mainly seen in the field of Shalya Tantra where it is used in the management of the cases of Arsha, Bhagandara, Nadi Vrana etc. but at the same instance it also provides fruitful results in the cases of Shwasa, Mootrakrichha etc. Kshara proves its utility in the processing of Parada whereby it acts as a Vida and makes the processing of Parada easy. Due importance has been given to Kshara preparation in most of the classics but at the same moment, we find differences in the various methods mentioned for the preparation. Hence an attempt has been made to compile the various references available in the classical texts and to justify their probable use in the present paper

Novel paradigms for the gut–brain axis during alcohol withdrawal, withdrawal-associated depression, and craving in patients with alcohol use disorder

IntroductionPatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) exhibit symptoms such as alcohol withdrawal, depression, and cravings. The gut-immune response may play a significant role in manifesting these specific symptoms associated with AUD. This study examined the role of gut dysfunction, proinflammatory cytokines, and hormones in characterizing AUD symptoms.MethodsForty-eight AUD patients [men (n = 34) and women (n = 14)] aged 23–63 years were grouped using the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale (CIWA) as clinically significant (CS-CIWA [score > 10] [n = 22]) and a clinically not-significant group (NCS-CIWA [score ≤ 10] [n = 26]). Clinical data (CIWA, 90-day timeline followback [TLFB90], and lifetime drinking history [LTDH]) and blood samples (for testing proinflammatory cytokines, hormones, and markers of intestinal permeability) were analyzed. A subset of 16 AUD patients was assessed upon admission for their craving tendencies related to drug-seeking behavior using the Penn-Alcohol Craving Score (PACS).ResultsCS-CIWA group patients exhibited unique and significantly higher levels of adiponectin and interleukin (IL)-6 compared to NCS-CIWA. In the CS group, there were significant and high effects of association for the withdrawal score with gut-immune markers (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], adiponectin, IL-6, and IL-8) and for withdrawal-associated depression with gut-immune markers (scored using MADRS with LPS, soluble cells of differentiation type 14 [sCD14], IL-6, and IL-8). Craving (assessed by PACS, the Penn-Alcohol Craving Scale) was significantly characterized by what could be described as gut dysregulation (LBP [lipopolysaccharide binding protein] and leptin) and candidate proinflammatory (IL-1β and TNF-α) markers. Such a pathway model describes the heavy drinking phenotype, HDD90 (heavy drinking days past 90 days), with even higher effects (R2 = 0.955, p = 0.006) in the AUD patients, who had higher ratings for cravings (PACS > 5).DiscussionThe interaction of gut dysfunction cytokines involved in both inflammation and mediating activity constitutes a novel pathophysiological gut–brain axis for withdrawal symptoms and withdrawal-associated depression and craving symptoms in AUD. AUD patients with reported cravings show a significant characterization of the gut–brain axis response to heavy drinking.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT# 00106106