Representations of nodal algebras of type A

We define nodal finite dimensional algebras and describe their structure over an algebraically closed field. For a special class of such algebras (type A) we find a criterion of tameness.Comment: 19 pages

SPECIFICITY OF REMUNERATION FOR PUBLIC SERVANTS

The aim of the article is to determine the specificities of the remuneration for public servants in Ukraine. The subject of the study is the remuneration for public servants in Ukraine. Methodology. The study is based on the use of general scientific and special-scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. The dialectical method enabled to interrogate the development of the institution of remuneration for public servants in Ukraine. The comparative legal method enabled to compare doctrinal approaches to this issue. The system-structural method enabled to determine the elements of the remuneration for public servants. Methods of analysis and synthesis helped study separate parts of this institute to formulate further conclusions about its most optimal functioning. The logic-semantic method was used to determine the content of the concept of “remuneration for public servants”. The normative-dogmatic method enabled to analyse the content of legal regulations of the domestic legislation on the issue. Practical implications. The determination of the specificities of the remuneration for public servants in Ukraine enabled to make recommendations for improving the remuneration system of this category of workers, as well as identify problematic issues that require further consideration and research. Relevance/originality. The author’s definition of the concept of “remuneration for public servants” is proposed and the specific features of this institute, insufficiently studied before, are analysed. The article analyses the specificities of the remuneration for public servants. Their list is determined and the content of each of them is disclosed. The specificities of the remuneration for public servants are substantiated in comparison with other categories of employees

Highly sensitive luminescence nanothermometry and thermal imaging facilitated by phase transition

Currently available temperature measurements or imaging at nano-micro scale are limited to fluorescent molecules and luminescent nanocrystals, whose spectral properties respond to temperature variation. The principle of operation of these conventional temperature probes is typically related to temperature induced multiphonon quenching or temperature dependent energy transfers, therefore, above 12%/K sensitivity and high thermal resolution remain a serious challenge. Here we demonstrate a novel class of highly sensitive thermographic phosphors operating in room temperature range with sub-kelvin thermal resolution, whose temperature readings are reproducible, luminescence is photostable and brightness is not compromised by thermal quenching. Corroborated with phase transition structural characterization and high spatio-temporal temperature imaging, we demonstrated that optically active europium ions are highly and smoothly susceptible to monoclinic to tetragonal phase transition in nanocrystalline (54 ± 14 nm) LiYO2 host, which is evidenced by changed number and the splitting of Stark components as well as by smooth variation of contribution between magnetic and electric dipole transitions. Further, reducing the size of phosphor from bulk to nanocrystalline matrix, shifted the phase transition temperature from 100 °C down to room temperature. These findings provide insights into the mechanism underlaying phase transition based luminescence nanothermometry and motivate future research toward new, highly sensitive, high temporal and spatial resolution nano-thermometers aiming at precise studying heat generation or diffusion in numerous biological and technology applications

Phase Transition‐Driven Highly Sensitive, NIR–NIR Band‐Shape Luminescent Thermometer Based on LiYO2:Nd3+

Almost all existing luminescent thermometers rely on the temperature-dependent processes such as multi-phonon relaxation and phonon-assisted energy transfers, thermal population, or coupling between energy levels of ground and excited states of luminescent species (lanthanides, transition metals, quantum dots, fluorescent molecules, etc.). Although such phenomena are in principle suitable for straightforward calibration, aiming to offer high temperature sensitivity, high temperature resolution and the widest possible temperature sensitivity range, their performance is often dependent on the excitation intensity or sample dispersive properties and often suffers from insufficient brightness, which further becomes dimmer at increased temperatures. Exploiting temperature-dependent continuous phase transitions that modify the same near-infrared (NIR) emission band under the same NIR excitation wavelength may provide an alternative reading method for temperature sensing. Here, such a new principle of luminescent nano-thermometry (LNT) using a Nd3+ doped nanocrystalline LiYO2 matrix is studied, significant sensitivities of up to 6%/K are achieved, and other issues found in conventional LNT are circumvented. Due to the hysteresis found in this class of LNT, they may find applications in studies of temperature gradients and can be integrated with modern nanophotonic devices. © 2022 Wiley-VCH Gmb

Time resolution and high-counting rate performance of plastic scintillation counter with multiple MPPC readout

We have been developing a plastic scintillation counter for the WASA detector. The performance of a plastic scintillation counter with Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) readout has been systematically investigated for minimum ionizing particles in terms of the time resolution and the signal amplitude stability. The performance was evaluated under various incident conditions of 2.5 GeV/c proton beams and with different MPPC settings. A plastic scintillator with a size of 550×38×8mm3 was optically coupled with multiple MPPCs at each plane with a size of 38×8mm2 for detecting the scintillation photons. The observed time resolution ranges in 37–80 ps (σ) depending on the incident positions and angles for the case of three MPPCs attached to each end. We found the time resolution and the signal amplitude fairly consistent up to the counting rate of 0.2 MHz

New directions in hypernuclear physics

11 pags. 3 figs., 1 tab.A hypernucleus, a subatomic bound system with at least one hyperon, is a great test ground to investigate nuclear forces and general baryonic interactions with up, down and strange quarks. Hypernuclei have been extensively studied for almost seven decades in reactions involving cosmic rays and with accelerator beams. In recent years, experimental studies of hypernuclei have entered a new stage using energetic collisions of heavy-ion beams. However, these investigations have revealed two puzzling results related to the lightest three-body hypernuclear system, the so-called hypertriton, and the unexpected existence of a bound state of two neutrons with a Λ hyperon. Solving these puzzles will not only impact our understanding of the fundamental baryonic interactions with strange quarks but also of the nature of the deep interior of neutron stars. In this Perspective, we discuss approaches to solving these puzzles, including experiments with heavy-ion beams and the analysis of nuclear emulsions using state-of-the-art technologies. We summarize ongoing projects and experiments at various facilities worldwide and outline future perspectives.Discussions presented for the WASA-FRS experiment here are based on the experiment S447, which is currently scheduled in 2022 at the FRS at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (Germany) in the context of FAIR Phase-0. The authors thank the accelerator departments at GSI and IMP, the FRS department at GSI and the Experiment Electronics department at GSI for the technical support. The authors thank the J-PARC E07 collaboration to provide us the nuclear emulsion data. The authors thank Luise Doersching-Steitz of GSI, Rita Krause of GSI, Yukiko Kurakata of RIKEN, Daniela Press of GSI, Miao Yang of IMP and Xiaohua Yuan of IMP for supporting the projects, including the administrative works. The authors also thank Risa Kobayashi of RIKEN and Yoko Tsuchii of Gifu University for their technical support in mining hypertriton events in the E07 nuclear emulsions. KN, JY, and MY acknowledge support by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP23224006, JP16H02180, JP20H00155, and JP20J00682, and MEXT KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP24105002 (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2404), JP18H05403, and JP19H05147 (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 6005). SE and CR are supported by the grant 2019-T1/TIC-13194 of the program "Atracción de Talento Investigador" of the Community of Madrid

Depth dose measurements in water for 11C and 10C beams with therapy relevant energies

Owing to the favorable depth-dose distribution and the radiobiological properties of heavy ion radiation, ion beam therapy shows an improved success/toxicity ratio compared to conventional radiotherapy. The sharp dose gradients and very high doses in the Bragg peak region, which represent the larger physical advantage of ion beam therapy, make it also extremely sensitive to range uncertainties. The use of beta(+) - radioactive ion beams would be ideal for simultaneous treatment and accurate online range monitoring through PET imaging. Since all the unfragmented primary ions are potentially contributing to the PET signal, these beams offer an improved image quality while preserving the physical and radiobiological advantages of the stable counterparts. The challenging production of radioactive ion beams and the difficulties in reaching high intensities, have discouraged their clinical application. In this context, the project Biomedical Applications of Radioactive ion Beams (BARB) started at GSI (Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung GmbH) with the main goal to assess the technical feasibility and investigate possible advantages of radioactive ion beams on the pre-clinical level. During the first experimental campaign C-11 and C-10 beams were produced and isotopically separated with the FRagment Separator (FRS) at GSI. The beta(+)-radioactive ion beams were produced with a beam purity of 99% for all the beam investigated (except one case where it was 94%) and intensities potentially sufficient to treat a small animal tumors within few minutes of irradiation time, similar to 10(6) particle per spill for the C-10 and similar to 10(7) particle per spill for the C-11 beam, respectively. The impact of different ion optical parameters on the depth dose distribution was studied with a precision water column system. In this work, the measured depth dose distributions are presented together with results from Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA software

Radioactive Beams for Image-Guided Particle Therapy : The BARB Experiment at GSI

Several techniques are under development for image-guidance in particle therapy. Positron (β+) emission tomography (PET) is in use since many years, because accelerated ions generate positron-emitting isotopes by nuclear fragmentation in the human body. In heavy ion therapy, a major part of the PET signals is produced by β+-emitters generated via projectile fragmentation. A much higher intensity for the PET signal can be obtained using β+-radioactive beams directly for treatment. This idea has always been hampered by the low intensity of the secondary beams, produced by fragmentation of the primary, stable beams. With the intensity upgrade of the SIS-18 synchrotron and the isotopic separation with the fragment separator FRS in the FAIR-phase-0 in Darmstadt, it is now possible to reach radioactive ion beams with sufficient intensity to treat a tumor in small animals. This was the motivation of the BARB (Biomedical Applications of Radioactive ion Beams) experiment that is ongoing at GSI in Darmstadt. This paper will present the plans and instruments developed by the BARB collaboration for testing the use of radioactive beams in cancer therapy.peerReviewe