Relationship between the inflammatory infiltrate and the degree of differentiation of the canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

AbstractThe inflammatory response may have pro or anti-neoplastic effects in tumors, depending on the histological type and malignancy level of the tumor. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of predominant inflammatory cells by immunohistochemistry in cutaneus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of dogs, comparing it with the degree of differentiation of the tumor. Twenty samples of SCC were analyzed. The tumors were histologically classified into two groups, differentiated SCC (SCCd=12) and undifferentiated SCC (SCCu=08). The tumor inflammatory infiltrate was determined by immunohistochemistry, in order to identify macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The comparison between groups, SCCd and SCCu, was not significant concerning the density of macrophages (P=1.0), T lymphocytes (P=0.335) and plasma cells (P=0.075). However, when comparing the inflammatory infiltrate in each group, the macrophages were the predominant cell type in both groups, a significant difference was found in the SCCd with plasma cells (P<0.0001). In the SCCu the difference occurred with lymphocytes (P<0.05) and plasma cells (P=0.0006). It could be concluded that the presence of inflammation in cases of SCC does not play a role in the differentiation of the neoplasm, since the inflammatory infiltrate was similar in both groups of SCC

TRAUMATOLOGIA FORENSE – REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

A Traumatologia Forense é um dos ramos da Medicina Veterinária Legal e é conhecida por estudar os aspectos médico-jurídicos das lesões causadas por diversos agentes lesivos. A traumatologia é dividida em diversas energias entre elas as de ordem mecânica, física, química, físico-química e biodinâmica. O conceito de trauma pode ser definido como o resultado de uma ação vulnerante que possui energia capaz de produzir a lesão observada. O estudo da medicina veterinária legal no Brasil engloba as questões judiciais em que os animais estão envolvidos. A traumatologia forense vem ganhando destaque no país graças ao aumento dos casos de crimes envolvendo desde animais domésticos até os selvagens

Infiltrative Rectal Adenocarcinoma in a Dog

Background: Intestinal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs and adenocarcinoma is the main histological type found. This neoplasm presents slow growth and high capacity of causing metastasis. Histologically speaking, neoplasm cells can present solid, tubular, papillary arrangement and note amorphous extra-cellular material. Clinically observed tenesmus, diarrhea, dyskinesia, hematochezia, mane, protrusion of the anus, weight loss, anorexia. The occurrence and clinicopathological aspects of tumors in dogs’ gastrointestinal tract, the rectal segment, remains poorly understood. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to report a case on infiltrative rectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed in a dog.Case: A 7-year-old male dog representative of the Fila Brasileiro breed was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of University Federal Rural of Amazonia, with history of hyperthermia, anorexia, apathy and tenesmus. Imaging examinations depicted prostatomegaly. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and showed the thickening and hardening of the rectum segment. The animal was subjected to euthanasia. Necroscopy showed increased rectal perimeter; the mucosa in its opening presented atypical cerebroid aspect and irregular surface, and areas dark red. The rectal segment depicted a thick wall of  white color, irregular limits covering the muscular and adjacent sub-mucosa. The peri-rectal adipose tissue presented poor delimitation with the rectum, multiple greyish and reddish areas. Increased prostate and iliac lymph, and multi node of regular limits in the lungs. The histology of the rectal tissue depicted epithelium with differentiated neoformation, composed of atypical cells; nuclear anisocytosis, anisocariasis and hyperchromasia placed in small islands, cords or tubular formation. Neoplasm growth was unorganized and of infiltrative character. Some areas presented mucosal pattern cells with Signal Ring morphologic. Multiple rectal blood vessels, regional lymph nodes and lungs had neoplasm growth similar to that observed in the intestine. Mucosa also presented ulceration areas and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. There was fibroplasia, lymphoplasmacytic points and bleeding in the serous, as well as in the peri-rectal fat tissue. The immunohistochemical technique showed immunostaining in cytokeratin and vimentin antibodies, and in marked epithelial cells and tumor stroma markings, respectively.Discussion: The intestinal tumor diagnosis in dogs is found by associating history, clinical signs, radiographic, ultrasound findings and necropsty. Only one data about the occurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma in Fila Brasileiro specimens. With regards to sex, results were similar to those record, whose males presented higher prevalence of primary rectal tumors. The macroscopic characteristic is consistent with infiltrative neoplasms; thickening was related to the presence of the tumor. The histopathological findings evidenced growing infiltrative neoplasm formed by atypical cells of tubular arrangement. Microscopy featured a chronic ulcerative colitis frame, such alteration represents one of the main risk factors for colon rectal cancer in humans. Epithelial histogenesis was confirmed through immunohistochemical results that have revealed co-expression of the cytokine epithelial marker in most tumor cells. The vimentin mesenchymal marker in the neoplasm stroma was positive, fact that can be explained by occasional immune-reaction in the anti-bodies (cytokine and vimentin) and in non-differentiated carcinomas. The prognostic was negative in the current report. Such outcome was attributed to the infiltrative character observed in the trans-operative period. Necropsy, as well as the histopathological and immunohistochemical exams, confirmed the infiltrative rectal adenocarcinoma in the dog

Paraganglioma de corpo aórtico em cão

Background: Aortic body paragangliomas are uncommon neoplasms that develop mainly in aortic and carotid bodies. It has been supposed that genetic factors and chronic hypoxia may stimulate tumor development. The brachycephalic dog breeds, as Boxer, are most predisposed to present this neoplasm. The clinical symptomatology is related to tumor size and localization. Usually aortic body paraganglioma has benign biological behavior, when it is malignant, rarely promotes metastases. The aim of this study was to report a case of the aortic body paraganglioma as death cause in a dog.Case: A canine, 10-year-old, male, cross breed, presented clinical signs as anorexia, emesis, cough, dyspnea and exercise intolerance. After death the animal was examined at the Department of Veterinary Pathology at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. On necropsy, no pericardial effusion was identified, however pleural and abdominal effusion was observed, volume like 1000 and 700 mL, respectively. The heart had a neoplasm near the left atrium, it measured 6.5 x 8.2 cm, had irregular surface, firm consistency, grayish color, and at the cut showed infiltration in the myocardium, as well as obstruction of the left atrial lumen and left ventricle concentric hypertrophy. No distant metastases were found. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of polyhedral morphology cells, eosinophilic cytoplasm, spherical and hyperchromatic nucleus. Cells were grouped into lobes separated by fibrovascular stroma, large cells (less uniform cells), low mitotic rate and myocardial infiltration. On immunohistochemical analysis anti-cytokeratin, anti-vimentin and anti-S-100 antibodies were used. Tumour cells stained was absent for anti-cytokeratin and anti-vimentin, but was anti-S-100 positive. A case of malignant aortic body paraganglioma grade II was diagnosed.Discussion: The reported case was diagnosed in cross breed dog. However, brachycephalic dog breeds, as Boxer, are more predisposed to develop this kind of tumor. The development of these tumors is related to the genetic factors and chronic hypoxia. It was suggested that the tumor origin on this case is related to genetic factors, because the animal had no respiratory diseases, he was not brachycephalic and lived in a low altitude city, what exclude the possibility to have been induced by chronic hypoxia imposed by low oxygen. The clinical symptomatology presented by the animal days before death was related to the localization and size of the tumor. The macroscopic findings were similar to those of other studies. And the histopathological findings of the report were indicative for the histological classification of malignant aortic body paraganglioma. On immunohistochemical analysis it was negative for anti-cytokeratin and anti-vimentin antibodies, however was positive for anti-S-100 antibody, thus differentiated from other tumors that may occur in this local and confirmed the diagnosis of malignant aortic body paraganglioma grade II. The dog died due to tumor-related causes, however some authors indicate de tumor as a necropsy finding. The findings made it possible to conclude that tumor was aortic body paraganglioma and that it promoted cardiorespiratory complications related to localization and infiltration, what was worsened by pleural effusion leading the animal to the cardiogenic shock that culminated with death. It shows the importance of including this tumor in the list of differential diagnoses of heart diseases in dogs

Multilobular Tumor of Bone in a Dog

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is a primary bone neoplasm, uncommon in dogs. This tumor was called of many names for a long time, as: chondroma rodens, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, multilobular osteoma, multilobular chondroma, calcificating aponeurotic fibroma, although MTB was preferred chosen, because these other name could be correlated with humans’ tumors. This tumor is observed specially in skull bone, although it was reported in zygomatic arc, hard palate, axilla, spine and penis. Mostly happen in big breeds dogs, and middle to old age patients. Clinical signs depending of region and how aggressive the tumor is, usually are related to compression of any structure. The growth of MTB is frequently slow and progressive, locally invasive, occurring relapse after surgical revomal, although the tumor has low to moderate metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to report a case of MTB in a female dog and describe anatomopathological changes.Case: A female dog, mixed breed, 13 year-old, of middleweight was admitted in Pathology Department of College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (FCAV-Unesp), Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, to be undergone to necropsy. The patient have never shown any epileptic crisis or neurologic signs. In macroscopic examination was found a mass in skull, which invaded the orbit and frontal sinus, but it was not invading brain cavity. The neoplasm had and irregular surface, firm consistent, color was white mixed to red areas, after cut it was granular and rough, and had some point mineralized areas. The lobs of lung had much firm masses, colored gray to white. In cytology it was observed fusiform to polyhedric isolated mesenchymal cells, moderated pleomorphic, basophilic cytoplasm, thin granulated nuclear chromatin, and visible nucleoli that was involved by eosinophilic extracellular matrix. The proposed diagnostic was bone sarcoma. Histopathological assessment showed mesenchymal neoplastic proliferation, and multilobular characteristic, the lobules had different sizes and was well organized, and they were separated by thin conjunctive septs. In the center of lobules, there was an “island” with mineralized or chondroitin bone matrix, in some of these islands there were osteoclast. The cells had moderated pleomorphism and low mitotic activity (three mitotic cells in ten high-power field). At least, it showed big necrosis areas and invasion of near tissue. In lung was observed metastatic areas, which had same histopathologic way of primary neoplasm in skull. That way, the histopathologic exam was similar to Multilobular tumor of bone grade II.Discussion: The MTB is an uncommon neoplasm, which assaults mostly skull bone in large breeds dogs and middle age of eight years old. This case accord to literature about breed size, age and local of tumor.  The clinical signs in this dog was related to region what it was growing and near structure compression. Besides that, the patient had lung metastasis, that is the principal metastatic sites according to literature. The Histopathologic exam showed the same characters of MTB, which was considered grade II according to literature. Despite MTB is an uncommon neoplasm in clinic of dogs and cats, the epidemiological knowns as age, breed and localization, anatomopathological changes, and histopathological exam allows to have a diagnosis, showing the importance of including this neoplasm in differential diagnosis of bone tumor in dogs.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Third Eyelid of Cat

Background: The third eyelid neoplasms are uncommon in cats. The squamous cell carcinoma are easily found in head and neck of same specie, although is unusual in eye region. The more commun localization is eyelid and eyeball, being 60 and 15%, respectively. It could bee diagnosed by citology, histopathology, imunohistochemistry and molecular biology. The surgery is more effective treatment, because the tumor can be totally removed and it must available surgical margin. The aim of this study was to report a case of squamous cell carcinoma in third eyelid of a cat and show how it was treated with radical surgery. Case: A 11-year-old spayed female domestic short-haired white and black colored cat was presented for evaluation at Maria Dias Teixeira Hospital of Amazonia Federal Rural University (UFRA), of an red ocular mass fast growth in the left eye for 2 months. Physical exam was within normal limits. The animal presented discomfort on the region, when it was manipulated. The mass was ulcerated and blood-tinged ocular discharge, had 3.3 x 2 cm, beginning on third eyelid and overlay all the eyeball. Blood was collated to make exams. Complete blood count and serum chemistry profiles were within normal ranges, but leukocytes were increased and it was treated with Amoxicillin (22 mg/kg). It was performed biopsy to histopathology and immunohistochemistry diagnose, and radiography and ultrasonography to found metastasis. Ocular tissues were fixed in 10% formalin and processed routinely for histological examination. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and diagnosed poorly differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-cytokeratin 1:200, anti-vimentin 1:150 and anti-actin alpha smooth muscle 1:700 antibodies. The tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin and negative for vimentin. In tumor stroma was immunostaining of myofibroblasts by actina alpha smooth muscle. Because of malignment and infiltrative neoplasm, it was chosen to perform eye and eyelid enucleation. At post-operative evaluation no complication was found and in tem days, surgical wound was held. Seven months post-operative no neoplastic tissue had growth on local. Discussion: A retrospective study at Belem and some close cities, which took all neoplasms and classified, found only 1.5% of ocular neoplasms, and no one was in cats. Similarly occurred with another study, that 1.21% out of ocular masses, just 12.5% was diagnosed in cats, showing how uncommon is ocular neoplasm in cats. Including theses lesions, less of then are only in third eyelid. Ultraviolet radiation is the most related probably causes of squamous cell carcinoma. At Belem City ultravioleta radiation is very high, can bee 11 in some stations, in a scale of 0 to 14, the medial temperature is 27ºC. Another factor that could influence squamous cell carcionoma progress is skin color, animals’ wich skin is light have more probably to develop this neoplasm. On our case, close to eye, skin was dark, although the carcinoma was growth at third eyelid mucosa, a local that have no protection to ultraviolet radiation. Myofibroblasts observed in the tumor stroma are important in the invasion process of this tumor in humans. The treatment used in this case was radical surgery, with no other adjuvant, what is indicate for some authors. Another authors prefer exscind only third eyelid, but sometimes it is not possible, because this kind of neoplasm is very infiltrate. The localization and the nodular form of squamous cell carcinoma found in this study is uncommon, mainly in cats. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis were important for definitive diagnostic. The treatment by enucleation of eyeball and removing the eyelids was effective, without relapse in 7 months after surgery. Keywords: oncology, ophthalmology, ocular neoplasm, feline