Macroscopic and mesoscopic matter waves

It has been shown earlier that matter waves which are known to lie typically in the range of a few Angstrom, can also manifest in the macrodomain with a wave length of a few centimeters, for electrons propagating along a magnetic field. This followed from the predictions of a probability amplitude theory by the author in the classical macrodomain of the dynamics of charged particles in a magnetic field. It is shown in this paper that this case constitutes only a special case of a generic situation whereby composite systems such as atoms and molecules in their highly excited internal states,can exhibit matter wave manifestation in macro and mesodomains. The wave length of these waves is determined, not by the mass of the particle as in the case of the de Broglie wave, but by the frequency, associated with the internal state of excitation, and is given by a nonquantal expression, $\lambda =2\pi v/\omega$, $v$ being the velocity of the particle. For the electrons in a magnetic field the frequency corresponds to the gyrofrequency, $\Omega$ and the nonquantal wave length is given by $\lambda = 2\pi v_{\parallel}/\Omega$; $v_{\parallel}$ being the velocity of electrons along the magnetic field.Comment: 16 pages, LaTex, No figure

From hunches to surprises–discovering macro-scale quantum phenomena in charged particle dynamics

This article describes how, an intuitive guess – a hunch – in relation to a system of charged particles in a magnetic field pursued over four decades, has led to the discovery of an entirely new set of phenomena, which could not have been conceived in view of the prevailing conceptions. They pertain to the existence of quantized residence times in an adiabatic magnetic trap, and more surprisingly, the existence of macro- scale matter wave interference effects, with an ħ independent matter wavelength. They even include the observation of a curl-free vector potential on the macro-scale as against its micro-scale detection à la Aharonov–Bohm. Though on the macro-scale, these results cannot be understood in terms of the Lorentz equation, which is known to govern the dynamics on the macro-scale. They have, in fact, been shown to be of quantum origin and are found to be attributed to the quantum modulation of the de Broglie wave, and hence could not have been covered by the Lorentz equation. All these phenomena are seen to run counter to the well-entrenched canonical perception that mat- ter wave interference effects and the vector potential observation – the Aharonov–Bohm effect – pertain only to the micro-scale. The unusual phenomena so dis- covered constitute a complete surprise as they are entirely unexpected under the canonical view and appear to upturn the latter

Quantum manifestation of systems on the macro-scale — the concept of transition state and transition amplitude wave

Quantum effects which have usually been associated with micro-scale phenomena can also arise on the macro-scale in situations other than the well-known macro-quantum phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity. Such situations have been shown here to arise in processes involving inelastic scattering with bound or partially bound systems (not bound in all degrees of freedom), and the macro-quantum behaviour is associated with the state of the total system in transition in the process of scattering. Such a state is designated as a 'transition-state'. It is pointed out that we have already observed such manifestations for a particular system, the charged particles in a magnetic field where interference effects involving macro-scale matter waves along the magnetic field have been reported [R K Varma et al, Phys. Rev. E65, 026503 (2002)]

Observability of the effects of curl-free magnetic vector potential on the macroscale and the nature of the 'transition amplitude wave'

We discuss here the prediction, based on a formalism by the author, on the observable effects of a curl-free magnetic vector potential on the macroscale as against the microscale of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. A new quantum concept - the 'transition amplitude wave' - postulated in the formalism has already been shown to exhibit matter wave manifestations in the form of one-dimensional interference effects on the macroscale. It was predicted by the formalism that the same entity would lead to the detection of a curl-free magnetic vector potential on the macroscale. We describe here the manner of generation of this quantum entity in an inelastic scattering episode and work out an algorithm to observe this radically new phenomenon, the detection of a curl-free magnetic vector potential on the macroscale. We determine the various characteristic features of such an observation which can then be looked for experimentally so as to verify the predicted effect, establishing thereby the physical reality of the new quantum entity, and to fully validate the formalism predicting it. It is also shown that this 'transition amplitude wave' can be regarded as a novel kind of 'quasiparticle' excited in the charged particle trajectory as a consequence of the scattering episode

Global stability of disk-bulge systems: spiral structure of disk galaxies

The spiral arms of disk galaxies are very sensitive to various morphological properties, such as, the gas content, the disk-to-bulge ratioetc. Here, the stability of self-gravitating annular disks surrounding the central rigid bulge component has been studied in order to explain the transition from the tight spiral arms in Sa galaxies to rather open patterns in Sc galaxies as the central amorphous component diminishes. Smooth spiral patterns are found associated with the dominant (or the fastest growing) modes of the system. When the disk-to-bulge mass ratio is small, a tight pattern results restricted to the inner regions of the disk. This pattern opens up and occupies larger disk areas as the disk component becomes comparable to the bulge. It is found here that the 'explosive' instabilities of the global density waves do not occur in the presence of a massive bulge. The growth-rates of the eigen-modes decrease as the disk-to-bulge mass ratio decreases. It is also found that unstable modes of the annular disk can be suppressed by increasing the thermal pressure sufficiently

Mungbean yield and nutrient uptake performance in response of NPK and lime levels under acid soil in Vindhyan region, India

A field experiment was conducted to understanding the management of soil acidity with NPK and lime levels for sustainable mungbean productivity, Crop was sown during kharif season of 2014at Agronomy farm of Rajiv Gandhi South Campus Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. Results of the study demonstrated that significant improvement in seed (524 kg /ha), straw (1426 kg /ha), biological yield (1949 kg/ha) and total NPK uptake (96.68 kg/ha) were recorded in 100% RDF. Similar results were observed with application of 200 kg lime/ha in mungbean. Interaction effect was also recorded at P=0.05 level of significance between fertility and lime levels on mungbean seed (622 kg/ha) and biological (2145kg/ha) yield with 100 % RDF + 200 kg lime/ha which were observed highest than all other treatments. Moreover, highest B:C ratio was observed with the application of 200 kg lime/ha. The present study revealed that soil acidity problems affecting pulses productivity, can be overcome with applications of 100% RDF and 200 kg lime/ha in Vindhyan region, India

An overview of intellectual property rights in relation to agricultural biotechnology

The majority of the population in developing nations depends on agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology involves genetic modification and promises a number of important benefits, such as improving agricultural yields by increasing the resistance of crops to pests and facilitating them to flourish in harsh natural environments, improving the productivity of crops, and reducing pesticide use. Also, concerns have been raised about the potential negative impacts of genetic modification. To promote research and development in agricultural biotechnology, intellectual property rights (IPRs) are one of the primary tools. Based on the fact that high investment is required to develop new genetically modified (GM) technologies and products, stronger intellectual property protection is necessary to stimulate research and to allow recovery of investment. As international rules increasingly raise the level of intellectual property protection, there is rising concern about the potential negative impacts on the dissemination of knowledge and important products, further Research and Development, food security, and the conservation of biodiversity among other fundamental areas of public policy. It is thus an important policy challenge to determine application of laws, rules and legislations to agricultural biotechnology. IPRs are woven into innovations, enable entrepreneurship and they allow the leveraging of private resources for resolving the problems of hunger and poverty.Keywords: Biotechnology, intellectual property rights, patents, genetic modificatio

ANALYSIS OF NON- PERFORMING ASSETS IN COVID– 19 PERIODS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE BANKS OF INDIA

In this present paper we have focused on Private and government banks NPAs. This is a comparative study of government and private sector banks, here we have analyzed the relationship between Private bank NPAs and Government banks NPAs. we have analyzed significant difference between private banks NPAs and government banks NPAs. In our study we found that after 2017 the government and private sector banks has increasing growth rate of GNPAs. Government sector 2016-2017 gross NPAs growth rate was 11.7 percent which increased to 14.6 percent. (RBI financial stability repost 2018) In year 2018-19 the growth rate increased 11.6 percent. In case of private banks it has increasing rate from 2017 to 2020.   COVID- 19, NPA, GNPAs, Private Banks, Government Banks, RB