”Minä elän äänimaisemassa”:luokanopettajien käsityksiä koulun äänimaisemasta

Tiivistelmä. Yksilö on jatkuvassa vuorovaikutuksessa erilaisten äänien ja äänilähteiden kanssa. Kuuloaisti ja aivot vastaanottavat, tulkitsevat ja käsittelevät ympäristön ääniä taukoamatta. Jo sikiöstä lähtien luomme subjektiivisia suhteita ääniin, jonka vuoksi aivomme ovat erikoistuneet tekemään havaintoja tietyistä äänistä ja niiden ominaisuuksista. Äänen sisältämä informaatio, voimakkuus, paine ja ennustettavuus vaikuttavat siihen, millä tavoin yksilö luokittelee äänen. R. Murray Schaferin luoma termi äänimaisema koostuu kaikista ympäristön, tilan tai musiikkiteoksen sisältämistä äänistä. Äänimaisema sisältää akustisen kommunikaation mallin, jossa kuuntelija,ääni ja ympäristö luovat vuorovaikutuksellisen kokonaisuuden. Tapahtuma on kuuntelijalleen aina subjektiivinen kokemus, jonka rakentumiseen vaikuttavat kuuntelijan mieliala, aikaisemmat kokemukset,ääniherkkyys, temperamentti sekä vallitsevan kulttuurin käsitykset hyväksyttävistä ja ei-hyväksyttävistä äänistä. Eri äänimaisemien ja melun vaikutuksia aikuisiin on tutkittu laajasti ja pitkäaikaisesti. Lapsiin keskittyviä tutkimuksia äänille altistumisesta on vähemmän, mutta tutkimustulokset ovat sitäkin huolestuttavampia. Melun vaikutukset lapsiin ja aikuisiin ovat osittain samankaltaisia, mutta kehityksen ja kasvun ollessa vielä kesken, terveydelliset haitat ovat lapsilla laajemmat. Kasvatustieteiden puolelle sijoittuvaa äänimaisematutkimusta ei ole juuri saatavissa. Opettajat eivät välttämättä osaa yhdistää lasten kouluissa havaittavaa oireilua meluun tai muihin häiritseviin ääniin, jolloin lapsi saattaa joutua väärinymmärretyksi. Tällä tutkimuksella pyrimme omalta osaltamme lisäämään tarvittavaa tietoa kenttätyöhön. Pro gradu -tutkielmamme on kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, joka empiiriseen tutkimustietoon perustuen pyrkii ymmärtämään luokanopettajien käsityksiä koulun äänimaisemien rakentumisesta. Tutkimusmetodina on fenomenografia ja aineistonkeruu on tehty teemahaastatteluna. Opetuksen tulisi ohjata lapsia äänimaisemien kriittiseen tarkasteluun sekä ottamaan huomioon äänten vaikutukset kuuloon. Hyvä oppimisympäristö tarjoaa tilat sekä hiljaiselle että toiminnalliselle työskentelylle. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on esitellä haastateltavien käsitysten kautta koulun äänimaiseman rakentumista ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä

Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study A global inception cohort study

Fluid challenges (FCs) are one of the most commonly used therapies in critically ill patients and represent the cornerstone of hemodynamic management in intensive care units. There are clear benefits and harms from fluid therapy. Limited data on the indication, type, amount and rate of an FC in critically ill patients exist in the literature. The primary aim was to evaluate how physicians conduct FCs in terms of type, volume, and rate of given fluid; the secondary aim was to evaluate variables used to trigger an FC and to compare the proportion of patients receiving further fluid administration based on the response to the FC.This was an observational study conducted in ICUs around the world. Each participating unit entered a maximum of 20 patients with one FC.2213 patients were enrolled and analyzed in the study. The median [interquartile range] amount of fluid given during an FC was 500 ml (500-1000). The median time was 24 min (40-60 min), and the median rate of FC was 1000 [500-1333] ml/h. The main indication for FC was hypotension in 1211 (59 %, CI 57-61 %). In 43 % (CI 41-45 %) of the cases no hemodynamic variable was used. Static markers of preload were used in 785 of 2213 cases (36 %, CI 34-37 %). Dynamic indices of preload responsiveness were used in 483 of 2213 cases (22 %, CI 20-24 %). No safety variable for the FC was used in 72 % (CI 70-74 %) of the cases. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients who received further fluids after the FC between those with a positive, with an uncertain or with a negatively judged response.The current practice and evaluation of FC in critically ill patients are highly variable. Prediction of fluid responsiveness is not used routinely, safety limits are rarely used, and information from previous failed FCs is not always taken into account

Common Inflammation-Related Candidate Gene Variants and Acute Kidney Injury in 2647 Critically Ill Finnish Patients

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome with high incidence among the critically ill. Because the clinical variables and currently used biomarkers have failed to predict the individual susceptibility to AKI, candidate gene variants for the trait have been studied. Studies about genetic predisposition to AKI have been mainly underpowered and of moderate quality. We report the association study of 27 genetic variants in a cohort of Finnish critically ill patients, focusing on the replication of associations detected with variants in genes related to inflammation, cell survival, or circulation. In this prospective, observational Finnish Acute Kidney Injury (FINNAKI) study, 2647 patients without chronic kidney disease were genotyped. We defined AKI according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. We compared severe AKI (Stages 2 and 3, n = 625) to controls (Stage 0, n = 1582). For genotyping we used iPLEX(TM) Assay (Agena Bioscience). We performed the association analyses with PLINK software, using an additive genetic model in logistic regression. Despite the numerous, although contradictory, studies about association between polymorphisms rs1800629 in TNFA and rs1800896 in IL10 and AKI, we found no association (odds ratios 1.06 (95% CI 0.89-1.28, p = 0.51) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.80-1.05, p = 0.20), respectively). Adjusting for confounders did not change the results. To conclude, we could not confirm the associations reported in previous studies in a cohort of critically ill patients

Esipuhe - Preface

Tämä julkaisu on erikoisnumero AFinLA-e-sarjassa. Tämä numero ei perustu syyssymposiumin esitelmiin, vaan julkaisun tarkoitus on esitellä kielenoppimiseen liittyvää tutkimusta omassa teemanumerossaan

Alkali-activated adsorbents from slags:column adsorption and regeneration study for nickel(II) removal

Abstract Alkali-activated adsorbents were synthesized by mixing three different slags from the steel industry: blast furnace slag (BFS), ladle slag (LS), and Lintz–Donawitz converter slag (LD). These powdered slag-based geopolymers (GP) were used to remove nickel(II) from aqueous solutions in fixed-bed column studies. The experiments were conducted in pH 6 using a phosphate buffer with initial nickel(II) concentration of 50 mg/L. Samples were taken at time intervals of between 5 and 90 min. Three adsorption–desorption cycles were implemented with a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The geopolymers were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), specific surface area measurements, and a leaching test. The data were found to describe the Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson models well. For GP (BFS, LS), experimental adsorption capacity was 2.92 mg/g, and for GP (LD, BFS, LS), it was 1.34 mg/g. The results indicated that the produced adsorbents have the potential to be used as adsorbents for the removal of nickel(II)

Willow bark proanthocyanidins with potential for water treatment:chemical characterization and zinc/bisphenol A removal

Abstract This study investigates the chemical structure of proanthocyanidin-rich crude extracts from willow bark and these materials were tested initially as adsorbents for artificial (waste)water treatment. The crude extracts were obtained through mild water extraction and the colorant fractions were further chromatographically fractionated to understand the chemical structure of the willow bark proanthocyanidins. The chemistry of crude extracts and purified fractions were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Both NMR (liquid and solid-state) and UPLC-MS/MS suggest that the crude extracts constitute of interflavan linked flavan-3-ols, i.e. proanthocyanidins with both procyanidin (PC)-type and prodelphinidin (PD)-type subunits, with the PC/PD ratio of approximately 2.3–2.5. PD-type proanthocyanidins were detected from the purified colorant fractions only with UPLC-MS/MS. Both the UPLC-MS/MS and size exclusion chromatography suggest that the crude extracts have an average oligomerization degree of roughly 5–6 flavan-3-ol units. Adsorption experiments showed that the activated foams made of crude extracts were effective in removing both zinc and Bisphenol A (BPA) with removal efficiencies of roughly 80–90% and thus these willow bark-derived proanthocyanidins are promising in water treatment. The significance of this study suggests the upgrading use of crude extracts for water treatment could significantly improve the value of willow bark

A randomized dose-response trial of a single injection of corifollitropin alfa to sustain multifollicular growth during controlled ovarian stimulation.

Item does not contain fulltex