Ühe varauusaegse hauatähise retoorika: kriitika, korrektiivid ja uued hüpoteesid

The Rhetoric of an Early Modern Tombstone: Criticisms, Corrections, and New Hypotheses. The Baron Pontus de la Gardie monument (after 1589–1593) is the first such magnificent early modern work of memorial art dedicated to the memory of a nobleman not belonging to the royal family, not only in Estonia, but apparently in the entire area under the authority of the Swedish crown. Until now, the Gustav Vasa monument in Uppsala has been considered as its example, and more indirect examples have been sought in the Netherlands, Germany and France. The research showed that there is reason to look at the details of all the monuments of the members of the Swedish royal family erected in the Uppsala Cathedral to the end of the 1580s as the closest ideal examples. The arquitectonic and design elements of the monuments, even the use of some materials, point to the interrelationships of Tallinn tombstone and Uppsala monuments. Beside this there is a reason to look for examples of relief details mainly in the Netherlands. Johan Vredeman de Vrie, Jakob Floris and Maarten de Vos must be mentioned as the main authors of the exemplary engravings. In the course of the study, based on a qualitative content analysis focused on the manifest part of the content, a more complete picture of the iconography used on the monument, the connections of its different layers and interaction with the verbal text of the monument was obtained.  The orders and directions of "reading" established by the designer of the monument were also revealed, which confirmed some earlier hypotheses, but also brought up a number of points of view worthy of criticism, e.g. for example, about the overwhelming Lutheranism of the monument, but also about the message of the images. The last, but by no means the least important, must be mentioned the identification of facts that shed new light on the history of the formation of this grave marker. The factology found allows us to hypothesize that both Johan III and Willem Boy were involved in designing the monument. The latter makes it possible to place de la Gardie's monument in the context of the memorial art of the late 16th century in the Kingdom of Sweden

Poomisvastus bakterite kasvus ja elus püsimises

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneBakterid peavad ellu jäämiseks pidevalt kohanema oma väliskeskkonnaga. Sobivates tingimustes kasvavad paljud bakteriliigid väga kiiresti. Kiire kasv iseenesest viib aga kasvutingimuste muutumiseni. Nüüd kohtame järgmist bakteritele iseloomulikku omadust — jaksu pikka aega elus püsida kasvuks mittesobivates tingimustes. Seejuures säilitavad nad olulise võime kiiresti taas kasvama hakata, kui keskkonnatingimused paranevad. Muutuvate keskkonnatingimustega kohanemiseks on bakteritel evolutsiooni käigus välja kujunenud hulganisti mehhanisme. Üks selline, keskne ja pea kõigis bakterites esinev mehhanism on poomisvastus. Poomisvastust kutsuvad esile järsud muutused keskkonnas, mis nõuavad kasvu aeglustumist, sageli peatub kasv esialgu täielikult, rakk kohaneb ja kui võimalik, jätkab kasvamist muutunud tingimustes paraja tempoga. Vähemaks reguleeritakse näiteks valgusünteesi masinavärk ning rohkemaks elus püsimise ja autonoomsuse tarbeks oluline — hulganisti kahjustuste eest kaitsevaid süsteeme ja tarvilikud anaboolsed protsessid. Poomisvastust orkestreerivad signaalmolekulid, guanosiin nukleotiidid pppGpp ja ppGpp, koondnimega (p)ppGpp. Nende nukleotiidide sünteesi eest vastutavad Escherichia coli-s kaks valku, RelA ja SpoT. Viimane neist hoolitseb ka selle eest, et (p)ppGpp-d oleks rakus parasjagu, s.t SpoT on kahefunktsionaalne, omab ka (p)ppGpp-d lagundavat aktiivsust. Mitmetes teistes bakterites (näiteks Bacillus subtilis) on poomisvastuse tarbeks vaid üks peamine kahefunktsionaalne ensüüm (RelBsu), aga ka hiljuti avastatud väikesed valgud, millest on veel vähe teada ja mis omavad kas sünteesi või hüdrolüüsi aktiivsust. Arvestades poomisvastuse ulatuslikku mõju bakteriraku füsioloogiale, ei tule vast üllatusena, et see protsess mõjutab bakterite võimet põhjustada haigust ja antibiootikumide võimet infektsiooni ravida. Antibiootikumide kasutamise algusaegadest peale pandi tähele, et sugugi mitte kõik bakterirakud ei sure baktereid tapva antibiootikumi toimel, üksikud bakterid jäävad ikka elama. Erinevalt antibiootikumi resistentsusest ei kasva sellised rakud antibiootikumi juuresolekul, nad lihtsalt taluvad, elavad üle, ja neid nimetatakse persistoriteks. Ka persistorite moodustumises on nähtud poomisvastuse rolli — kui suurem osa bakteritest kasvab jõudsalt, lülitub üksikutes siiski millegipärast sisse poomisvastus. Oletatakse, et persistorid võivad antibiootikumi kuuri lõppedes põhjustada haiguse taastekkimist. Haigusest jagu saamisel on aga antibiootikumiga võrdväärne roll kanda immuunsüsteemil, mis võiks ju jagu saada sellistest mittejagunevatest persistoritest. Samas on vähe teada selliste persistor-rakkude ja immuunsüsteemi vahelistest seostest, mida asutigi käesolevas töös kõigepealt uurima. Selgus, et nn kaasasündinud immuunsüsteem inimese vere seerumi komplemendi näol ei tapa sugugi kõiki uropatogeense E. coli rakke. Kui nüüd samaaegselt seerumile rakendati ka antibiootikumi töötlust, sõltus tulemus konkreetsest antibiootikumist. Ampitsilliini (rakukesta sünteesi inhibiitor) või amikatsiini (translatsiooni inhibiitor) lisamisel vähenes seerumis ellujäävate bakterirakkude hulk ühe-kahe suurusjärgu võrra, mis lubab oletada, et mõned rakud, mida seerum ei hävita, tapeti antibiootikumi poolt. Lisaks võimendas seerum amikatsiini toimet subinhibitoorsete kontsentratsioonide puhul. Norfloksatsiini (DNA replikatsiooni inhibiitor) lisamine seerumile ei põhjustanud mingit muutust ellu jäänud bakterirakkude arvukuses, mistõttu võib spekuleerida, et komplement ja norfloksatsiin tapavad ühesuguseid rakke. Uurimaks bakteripopulatsiooni võimaliku heterogeensuse mõju komplemendi süsteemi vahendatud tapmisele, analüüsiti järgmiseks bakterirakkude jagunemist üksikraku tasemel. Katsetulemused näitasid, et kuigi komplement tunneb ära kõik bakterirakud, ja suurem osa bakterirakkudest sureb, jäävad elama keskmisest oluliselt kiiremini kasvavad ja mittekasvavad rakud. Kui nüüd samal ajal rakendada antibiootikumi töötlust (ampitsilliini, amikatsiini või norfloksatsiiniga), jäävad alles vaid mittekasvavad rakud ning kiiremini kasvavad hävitatakse. Kuivõrd katsed seerumiga näitasid muuhulgas, et bakterite suremisel on positiivne korrelatsioon rakkude seerumis kasvama hakkamisega ja mittejagunevad rakud on kaitstud nii antibiootikumi toime kui komplemendi eest, uuriti järgmisena E. coli rakkude kasvama hakkamise regulatsiooni ja poomisvastuse rolli selles. Selgus, et rakud, kus puudub peamine poomisvastuse valk RelA (edaspidi ΔrelA tüvi), hakkavad soodsate kasvutingimuste saabudes kasvama neli tundi hiljem metsiktüüpi rakkudest, kui keskkonnas puuduvad aminohapped. Lisaks aminohapetele mõjutas kasvama hakkamist ka süsinikuallikas — ΔrelA tüvi toibus metsiktüüpi tüvest hiljem süsinikuallikana glükoosi sisaldaval söötmel, ent võrdväärselt glütseroolil kasvades. Selgus, et selline RelA funktsiooni puudumine ja toibumisdefekt võib mõjutada antibiootikumi toimet—ampitsilliin tappis glükoosil toibuvaid metsik-tüüpi rakke efektiivsemalt kui ΔrelA rakke. Mõnevõrra üllatuslikult elasid ΔrelA rakud paremini üle ka ampitsilliinitöötluse glütseroolil toibudes. Igatahes, teatud tingimuste korral võib poomisvastus olla vajalik rakkude kiiresti kasvama hakkamiseks, mis omakorda võib mõjutada antibiootikumi toimet neile rakkudele. Eelpool nägime, et poomisvastusel on roll bakterirakkude kasvama hakkamisel ja see mõjutab antibiootikumi toimet neile rakkudele. Tõsi küll, teatud üsnagi kitsastes tingimustes oli funktsionaalse poomisvastuse puudumine ampitsilliini toime üle elamiseks kasulik. Samas on küllaldaselt töid, mis näitavad, et poomisvastuse puudumise korral on vähenenud bakterite võime haigust põhjustada. Koos antibiootikumi resistentsuse hirmuäratava levikuga otsitakse seepärast ka spetsiifilisi poomisvastuse pärssijaid üsna palavikuliselt. Isegi kui neist ei ole peatset ja vahetut kasu meditsiinile, oleksid spetsiifilised inhibiitorid oluline töövahend bakteriraku füsioloogia uurimiseks. Sestap soovisime järgmiseks leida poomisvastuse inhibiitoreid. Neid otsiti keemiliste ühendite raamatukogust (17500 ühendit), kasutades testsüsteemina bakterit B. subtilis, sest ainete sisenemine rakku on gram-positiivsetel bakteritel hõlpsam kui gram-negatiivsetel. . Otsingu tulemusel leiti 17 uut antibakteriaalset ühendit, kahjuks polnud ükski neist piisavalt spetsiifiline poomisvastuse suhtes. Jääb üle vaid loota, et välja töötatud kõrge läbilaskevõimega poomisvastuse inhibiitorite testsüsteem annab positiivse tulemuse mõne teise keemiliselt sünteesitud ja/või loodusest isoleeritud ühendite raamatukogu puhul.One of the most remarkable features of bacteria is the speed at which they proliferate. This itself is an intricate balancing act—cells need to orchestrate myriad of processes in time scale of seconds. Rapid growth, however, inevitably leads to a change in growth environment and, then, we encounter the next remarkable feature of bacterial cells—withstand stasis and otherwise harsh environment. In rapidly growing bacterial cells, protein biosynthesis takes the largest toll on cellular energy. Sensing the status of ribosome, the molecular machinery of translation, is therefore important part of bacterial growth regulation. The process, which probes the capability of aminoacylation of tRNAs to keep up with the requirements of translation, is called the stringent response. The stringent response is elicited when uncharged tRNA binds to the ribosomal A-site. In E. coli and other beta- and gammaproteobacteria, such ribosomes are recognized by a RelA protein that binds to the ribosome and synthesizes small nucleotide alarmone molecules ppGpp and pppGpp, collectively (p)ppGpp. Accumulation of the alarmone downregulates translation, proliferation, catabolism, halts the growth and directs the cellular resources towards anabolism and stasis survival. In case of wide variety of other stresses that have apparently less in common—except that they are all prone to affect translation, though less directly—(p)ppGpp accumulates, too. In beta- and gammaproteobacteria, the enzyme responsible for this is called SpoT. SpoT, a homologue of RelA, in addition to synthesis, can also hydrolyse (p)ppGpp. Apparently, the net effect of SpoT on (p)ppGpp levels is achieved by a balance between its activity of synthesis and hydrolysis. The balance is important not only in times of trouble but also during steady state growth conditions—SpoT is responsible for fine tuning the (p)ppGpp levels necessary for balanced growth establishing a linear reciprocal relationship between (p)ppGpp levels and growth rate. In wide variety of other bacteria, however, there is just one large bifunctional protein homologous to RelA/SpoT. In addition, some bacteria contain additional small proteins with either the (p)ppGpp synthetase or hydrolase domain. According to the global nature of (p)ppGpp effect on bacterial physiology and its perceived role in stasis preparation and survival, (p)ppGpp has implications for bacterial virulence. Attenuated infection in mice, for stringent response defective strains, has been reported for several bacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia pestis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Brucella sp. In addition to the regulation of virulence, stringent response can interfere with the action of antibiotics, too. Bactericidal antibiotics, for example, require an active target to kill the bacterial cells and are therefore inefficient in case of non-growing dormant cells. It has been also proposed that in few cells of growing bacterial population, for some reason, (p)ppGpp accumulates to high levels. Then, if the bactericidal antibiotic treatment is applied, while the rest of the bacterial population is eradicated, the few dormant cells survive and cause the recurrent infection, once the antibiotic regime is discontinued. Yet, dormant bacteria should be eliminated by the action of immune system. After all, not all antibiotics are bactericidal, some are are bacteriostatic but still effective by acting in concert with the immune system. Current work, therefore, set out to investigate the connections between bacterial growth, the action of antibiotics and the insult of immune system. We worked with (i) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC, strain CFT073, O6:K2:H1), once isolated from a patient with acute pyelonephritis i.e. a strain capable of causing bacteremia, and (ii) human serum with its complement system as a model for innate immunity. We found that serum mediated killing eradicates most of the growing population of UPEC, only the very rapidly growing and the dormant cells, despite being recognized by the complement system, survive the insult. During simultaneous application of serum and various antibiotics from different classes, however, only dormant cells survive as antibiotics result in clearance of the rapidly growing cells. Since the non-growing state in growth supporting environment was protective against both antibiotic treatment and action of the immune system, we next set out to elucidate mechanisms controlling the growth resumption of E. coli. Of several plausible target genes initially studied, the stringent response factor RelA stood out. We found that a culture of stringent response deficient E. coli, i.e. relaxed strain, turned out to be defective in growth resumption rendering cells non-growing for longer periods of time in growth supporting environment. The growth resumption defect of relaxed E. coli was a function of both the amino acid and carbon source composition of the medium. Curiously, compared to wild-type, relaxed strain survived ampicillin treatment better even if the growth resumption of the two strains was equal. As we learned that the stringent response is a key player in growth resuscitation and given its reported importance to bacterial virulence, we set up a high-throughput search for specific inhibitors of the stringent response. If not an immediate value for medicine, we reasoned, such inhibitors would be a powerful tool for studies of bacterial physiology. A screening system was established, it failed to yield the desired compound, but resulted in identification of novel class of antibacterials, derivatives of 4-(6-(phenoxy)alkyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole

Antenataalse diagnostika tähtsusest gastroskiisiga laste ravis

Gastroskiis on kaasasündinud väärarend, mille puhul kõhu eeseinal asetseva defekti kaudu on eventreerunud kõhukoopa elundid. Aastatel 1991–2001 sündis Eestis 39 gastroskiisiga last. Ravitulemusi hinnati ja võrreldi kahes haigete rühmas: esimese rühma moodustasid 22 last, kellel diagnoos selgus pärast sündi, ja teise 17 last, kellel diagnoositi patoloogia antenataalses perioodis. Selgus, et eduka ravi eelduseks on gastroskiisi sünnieelne diagnostika, mis võimaldab valida õiget avitaktikat. Eesti Arst 2003; 82 (2): 110–11

Assessing the different risks imposed by climate change upon viticulture in continental Portugal

Estágio com Relatório em Urbanismo Sustentável e Ordenamento do TerritórioThe following internship report has the objective of presenting the work that has been done during 5 months within the scope of the non-teaching component of the master's course in Sustainable Urbanism and Spatial Planning, taught at the Faculty of Science and Technology (FCT) at NOVA University in Lisbon. Over the course of the entire master’s from September 2019 until September 2021, I have developed a special interest in climate change adaptation. The objective of the internship consisted out of assisting and co-constructing the development of a project related to climate adaptation and to learn how to work in a team both on the national and international level. During the time of the internship, I participated in the EIT Climate-KIC funded project 'MEDCLIV', which envisages to apply experimental and participatory approaches to develop and share solutions and co-built ways of climate adaptation and mitigation within the vine and wine value chain. Most of the activities realized are connected to the development of the platform called Vineas, a co-constructed platform for climate adaptation in the vine and wine sector made by all the participating countries in the Mediterranean. As the platform Vineas is focussed on identifying possible climate adaptation and miti-gation options, the question became pertinent to what extent different wine regions of Portu-gal (IGP’s) were actually affected by different climate risks. Therefore, a research was set up as part of this internship report to identify the potential climate risk for different parts of Conti-nental Portugal for 5 different hazards. The methodology of this research follows the concep-tual framework of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCC, which states that the total climate risk is constituted through the interplay of the hazards, and the potential exposure and vulnerability. The internship report is ended by a short reflection on the research and the in-ternship followed, which will result in some recommendations for further development strat-egies for the vine and wine sector and the platform Vineas.O seguinte relatório de estágio tem como objetivo apresentar o trabalho desenvolvido durante 5 meses, no âmbito da componente não letiva do curso de mestrado em Urbanismo Sustentável e Ordenamento do Território, ministrado na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT) da Universidade NOVA em Lisboa. Ao longo do mestrado, de setembro de 2019 até setembro de 2021, desenvolvi um interesse especial na adaptação às alterações climáticas. O objetivo do estágio consistiu em auxiliar e co-construir o desenvolvimento de um projeto rel-acionado com a adaptação climática e aprender a trabalhar em equipa a nível nacional e in-ternacional. Durante o período do estágio, participei no projeto financiado pelo EIT Climate-KIC de nominado MEDCLIV, que visa aplicar abordagens experimentais e participativas para desen volver e compartilhar soluções e formas co-construídas de adaptação e mitigação do clima na cadeia de valor da videira. Uma vez que a plataforma Vineas está focada na identificação de possíveis opções de adaptação e mitigação do clima, a questão tornou-se pertinente em que medida as diferentes regiões vitivinícolas de Portugal (IGP’s) foram efetivamente afetadas por diferentes riscos climáticos. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa no âmbito deste relatório de estágio para iden-tificar estes riscos climáticos para diferentes regiões de Portugal Continental. A metodologia desta pesquisa segue o arcabouço conceitual do Quinto Relatório de Avaliação (AR5) do IPCC, que afirma que o risco climático total é constituído pela interação dos perigos, a exposição potencial e vulnerabilidade. O relatório de estágio é finalizado com uma breve reflexão sobre a pesquisa e o estágio realizado, que resultará em algumas recomendações para o futuro

Võõra kujutamine totalitaarse idabloki teadusulmes

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2693310~S1*es

Kepikõnd kui tervist edendav liikumisviis

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2655528~S1*es

Tõstamaa kihelkonna roositud sõrmkindad 19. sajandil

https://www.ester.ee/record=b4081705*es

E-identiteet Eesti ja Euroopa Liidu õigusruumis: Euroopa Parlamendi ja Nõukogu e-identimise ja e-tehingute jaoks vajalike usaldusteenuste määruse kohaldamine Eestis - kujunemislugu, probleemid ja ellseisvad väljakutsed

http://www.ester.ee/record=b449772