527 research outputs found

    Role of nano-biomechanics in brain metastasis formation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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    La nanobiomĂ©canique est un domaine interdisciplinaire Ă©mergent qui apporte une contribution significative Ă  l'Ă©tude des processus biologiques liĂ©s Ă  des diverses maladies humaines. Dans le cadre de ces travaux, des mĂ©thodes nanomĂ©caniques basĂ©es sur la microscopie Ă  force atomique ont Ă©tĂ© directement appliquĂ©es pour comprendre les processus pathogĂšnes sous-jacents de deux maladies qui sont la formation de mĂ©tastases cĂ©rĂ©brales et Ă  la sclĂ©rose latĂ©rale amyotrophique.Une cellule tumorale maligne, pour se propager et former des mĂ©tastases, doit modifier et adapter en permanence ses propriĂ©tĂ©s adhĂ©sives et Ă©lastiques. Ici, nous avons combinĂ© la cartographie des forces avec la spectroscopie de force monocellulaire (SCFS) afin d'obtenir un aperçu direct du processus de "criblage" de surface des cellules tumorales pendant leur extravasation dans le parenchyme cĂ©rĂ©bral. Les cartes Ă©lastiques et adhĂ©sives obtenues ont montrĂ© que les propriĂ©tĂ©s adhĂ©sives ne dĂ©pendent que faiblement des caractĂ©ristiques Ă©lastiques, et souligne l'importance des liaisons Ă  long distances de type attache pour des adhĂ©sions rĂ©ussies.Afin d'Ă©tudier comment le potentiel mĂ©tastatique est liĂ© aux propriĂ©tĂ©s nanomĂ©caniques des cellules tumorales, des mesures SCFS comparatives ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es entre trois types de cellules mĂ©lanomateuses (WM35, A2058 et A375), montrant des caractĂ©ristiques invasives altĂ©rĂ©es. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent une faible Ă©lasticitĂ© relative, une adhĂ©rence maximale Ă©levĂ©e et un nombre de liaisons individuelles Ă©levĂ©, comme propriĂ©tĂ©s clĂ©s des cellules mĂ©lanomes hautement mĂ©tastatiques. En conclusion nos Ă©tudes permettent de catĂ©goriser les cellules suivant leur potentiel mĂ©tastatique agrandissant dans l’ordre suivant : WM35, A2058 et A375.La pathogenĂšse de la sclĂ©rose latĂ©rale amyotrophique (SLA) est multifactorielle et ce caractĂ©rise Ă©galement par la prĂ©sence de processus inflammatoires. Nos Ă©tudes montrent des diffĂ©rences significatives dans l'adhĂ©sion de cellules T cytotoxiques CD8+ isolĂ©es chez des souris mutantes SOD1G93A et ce de type sauvage avec des neurones moteurs. Les cellules T dĂ©rivĂ©es de souris mutantes prĂ©sentent une force d'adhĂ©sion amĂ©liorĂ©e par rapport aux souris saines dĂ©rivĂ©es. En outre, elle prĂ©sente une rĂ©duction trĂšs significative aprĂšs le blocage des liaisons entre pMHC-I et TCR. Ces rĂ©sultats corroborent la contribution des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques au dĂ©veloppement de la SLA, en tant qu'acteur actif de la neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rescence.Les myoblastes jouent un rĂŽle primaire dans les processus molĂ©culaires impliquĂ©s dans le dĂ©veloppement musculaire, le vieillissement et la rĂ©paration. Les cartes nanomĂ©caniques Ă  haute rĂ©solution rĂ©alisĂ©es sur des myoblastes et des myotubes multi-nuclĂ©aires, isolĂ©s Ă  partir d'un modĂšle de souris SLA, ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© des modifications d'Ă©lasticitĂ© lors de la diffĂ©renciation des myotubes. Des augmentations significatives du module d'Ă©lasticitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es dans les projections des myoblastes allongĂ©s par rapport Ă  leur corps cellulaire. Pour les myotubes, des diffĂ©rences ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es entre l'Ă©lasticitĂ© d'une population mince et Ă©paisse de myotubes de souris sain. Cependant, chez le mutant SOD1, l'augmentation observĂ©e du module Ă©lastique de la population mince suggĂšre un durcissement autonome accru des myotubes dĂ©rivĂ©s de souris SLA.En rĂ©sumĂ©, nos Ă©tudes mĂ©caniques au niveau cellulaire ont dĂ©cryptĂ© divers aspects de deux pathologies graves, ce qui a donnĂ© lieu Ă  de nouvelles dĂ©couvertes sur leurs processus fondamentaux. Ces travaux mettent en lumiĂšre la pertinence et adĂ©quation des mĂ©thodes d’études nanomĂ©caniques basĂ©es sur l’AFM pour rĂ©vĂ©ler des connaissances prĂ©cieuses sur la physiopathologie, le dĂ©veloppement, le diagnostic et la progression des maladies.Nano-biomechanics is an emerging field of science that opened a new horizon in scientific research by generating significant contribution in the study of human diseases. In this work, atomic force microscopy-based nanomechanical methods were directly applied in order to elucidate important questions related to brain metastasis formation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Better understanding of the underlying pathogenic processes of these life-threatening diseases is fundamental for the advancement of early diagnostics and improved therapeutics.A malignant tumor cell, in order to spread and form metastasis, has to vary and continuously adapt its adhesive and elastic properties. Here, we combined force mapping with single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) in order to gain direct insight into the surface “screening” process of tumor cells during their extravasation into the brain parenchyma. Intercellular adhesive forces and works, as well as elastic properties were spatially mapped showing that adhesive properties are only slightly dependent on elastic characteristics, and highlighting the importance of long range tether-like linkages for successful adhesions.In order to examine how the metastatic potential relates to tumor cell’s autonomous and inter-cellular nanomechanical properties, comparative SCFS measurements were performed between three melanoma cell types (WM35, A2058 and A375), showing altered invasive characteristics, and blood vessel lining endothelials. Our results indicate low relative elasticity, high maximal adhesion and high number of individual linkages, as the key properties of highly metastatic melanoma cells. This enables us to suggest the following ordering of tumor cells from lower to higher metastatic potential: WM35, A2058 and A375.The pathogenesis of ALS is multifactorial, being characterized by the presence of inflammatory processes as well. In our results significant differences have been observed, by comparing the adhesion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells isolated from wild-type as well as SOD1G93A mutant mice against wild-type motor neurons. Mutant mice derived T cells show enhanced adhesion strength, compared to the healthy mice derived ones. Moreover, we observe a significant reduction of T cell - motoneuron interactions after blocking the specific recognition bindings between pMHC-I and TCR. These results corroborate the contribution of cytotoxic T cells in the development of ALS, as an active player in neurodegeneration.Investigating primary myoblasts allow deciphering molecular processes involved in muscle development, aging and repair. Therefore, in our study high resolution nanomechanical mapping was performed on single elongated myoblasts and multinuclear myotubes, isolated from an ALS mouse model, to reveal elasticity features during early differentiation stage into myotubes. We have found that projections of the elongated myoblasts show significantly increased elastic modulus values compared to their cell body. Regarding myotubes, differences have been observed between the elasticity of a thin and thick population of wild-type myotubes, indicating the different maturity of the two populations. However, in SOD1 mutant, the observed increase in the elastic modulus of the thin population suggests an enhanced autonomous hardening of ALS derived myotubes.In summary, our cellular-level mechanical studies deciphered various aspects of two different life-threatening pathologies resulting in novel discoveries about their fundamental processes. This work highlights the high impact and the important role of AFM-based nanomechanical methods in providing valuable knowledge about disease pathophysiology, development, diagnostics and progression that could contribute to the evolvement of future therapies

    Nodular calcrete from the Lower Permian KorpĂĄd Sandstone Formation (borehole Dinnyeberki 9015, Mecsek Mts, Hungary) and its palaeoenvironmental significance

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    The Korpád Sandstone in the 9015 drill core (Mecsek Mts.) consists of red mudstones and interbedded calcrete crusts with sandstones and conglomerates. Calcrete microfabrics reveal micritic mottles, rhizocretions, smaller root casts and Microcodium-like aggregates. These features together with the mineralogy suggest a relatively dry climate with low amount of rainfall (100–500 mm/year) during pedogenesis. Calcite cements are interpreted to have precipitated first in an oxidizing meteoric environment; then, after initial burial, under reducing conditions

    Clay Mineralogy of Red Clay Deposits from the Central Carpathian Basin (Hungary): Implications for Plio/Pleistocene Chemical Weathering and Paleoclimate

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    Geochemical and mineralogical studies of palaeosols provide essential information for palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of continental deposits and can present a proxy for palaeoclimate. Red clays in the central Carpathian Basin (Hungary) (Tengelic Red Clay Formation; Kerecsend Red Clay Formation), overlain by loess-palaeosol sequences, were studied. Results from geochemical climofunctions applied to Upper Pliocene–Lower Pleistocene red clays and palaeosols located in the Carpathian Basin, and clay mineralogy, indicate that the palaeoclimate was considerably more humid and warmer during the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene in comparison to modern values

    Algorithms implemented in VIPER

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    A Szegedi Dolomit FormĂĄciĂł kƑzettĂ­pusainak összehasonlĂ­tĂĄsa a Papuk-hegysĂ©gi közĂ©psƑ-triĂĄsz dolomittal

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    MunkĂĄnkban a Szegedi Dolomit FormĂĄciĂł (Szegedi-medence) Ă©s a Papuk-hegysĂ©g (SzlavĂłniai-szigethegysĂ©g) sötĂ©tszĂŒrke, anisusi dolomitjĂĄnak kƑzetvĂĄltozatait hasonlĂ­tjuk össze. MindkĂ©t összletet dominĂĄnsan platformfĂĄciesƱ dolomitvĂĄltozatok Ă©pĂ­tik fel, azonban a Szegedi Dolomit jelentƑs mĂ©rtĂ©kben tektonikus eredetƱ dolomitbreccsĂĄvĂĄ Ă©s (proto-)kataklĂĄzittĂĄ alakult. Az utĂłlagos tektonikus felĂŒlbĂ©lyegzĂ©s a korrelĂĄciĂłt bizonytalannĂĄ teszi; a regionĂĄlis kapcsolatok feltĂĄrĂĄsĂĄhoz a fekĂŒ Ă©s fedƑ kĂ©pzƑdmĂ©nyekre is kiterjedƑ összehasonlĂ­tĂł munka szĂŒksĂ©ges

    On the Way toward the Sector Spanning Agrifood Process Traceability

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    The Poverty-Assitance Paradox

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    Energy- and Aerodynamic Examination of Slightly Backward Leaning Impeller Blading of Small Centrifugal Compressors

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    Last decade, turbochargers with maximum 50-60 mm diameter, are more and more frequently designed with slightly backward leaning impeller blading. These kind of impeller blading, comparing to the radial blading, produces higher stress and assuming the same compressor pressure ratio it needs higher tangential speed due to the impeller exit flow slip (hereafter slip). These two disadvantages are surely compensated by some kind of thermal or aerodynamic advantages. By the authors’ examination, using backward leaning impeller blading, the disadvantages are compensated by the small, but the definite increase of compressor efficiency and the positive effect on compressor characteristics.This paper, examining and comparing the above- mentioned advantages and disadvantages, tries to clear the reasons of this design trend and hopefully contributes to the further improvement of these compressor
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