Gastronomía, comunicación y salud. Influencia de la gastronomía en los hábitos alimentarios de la población = Gastronomy, communication and health. Influence of gastronomy in eating habits of the population

RESUMEN Introducción: La Gastronomía está de plena actualidad, se ha convertido en un fenómeno social para todas las edades en España, y crea tendencias. Además, las Pirámides Alimentarias incluyen la necesidad de tener habilidades culinarias, conocer los alimentos y su entorno, para poder desarrollar y mantener unos hábitos alimentarios adecuados. La educación y los medios de comunicación en el sentido más amplio constituyen potencialmente unas herramientas muy útiles para transmitir estos conocimientos sobre alimentación, nutrición, y gastronomía. Objetivos: analizar la evolución del concepto actual de Gastronomía, sus formas de comunicación, y su influencia en los hábitos alimentarios de la población. Material y Método: análisis de la presencia y evolución de los programas de televisión en España sobre cocina y gastronomía.  Igualmente, se describe la hoja de ruta seguida desde la aprobación por el Parlamento Europeo  del Informe sobre Patrimonio Gastronómico Europeo: aspectos culturales y educativos, para la inclusión en el sistema educativo de los conocimientos y experiencias sobre nutrición, gastronomía, y educación del gusto. Conclusiones: La Gastronomía y la Nutrición deben trabajar conjuntamente (“Gastronomía Saludable”) y a través de los medios de comunicación y del sistema educativo, en la consecución de unos hábitos alimentarios adecuados basados en la Dieta Mediterránea. Palabras clave: educación del gusto; gastronomía; gastronomía saludable; nutrición; programas de cocina ABSTRACT Introduction: Gastronomy has become an increasingly popular field over recent years in Spain at all ages. Moreover, the updated Food Pyramids include culinary skills and sociability as key principles to develop and maintain adequate food habits. Education and media seem to be the tools to transmit knowledge and experiences on food, nutrition, and gastronomy. Aims: to analyze the evolution of Gastronomy as a topic in our society. To evaluate its role through the media and education to influence on adequate dietary habits. Material and Method: analysis of the concept and trends of the gastronomy mainly on TV and cooking shows. In addition, the waybill followed to approve the inclusión of nutrition, gastronomy and taste knowledges and experiencies in Spain after the European Gastronomic Heritage Report launched by the European Parliament is described and discussed. Conclusions: Gastronomy and Nutrition, under the concept of “Healthy Gastronomy” must work together to achieve an improvement of the dietary habits in the Spanish population. The use of the media and education are also critical and encouraged. Key words: gastronomy; healthy gastronomy; nutrition; taste education; television culinary programs doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/recs.2016.312

El pan en la alimentación de los españoles

El pan ha sido y probablemente seguirá siendo la base de nuestra alimentación. Sin embargo, factores como el grado de desarrollo de la sociedad, la estética corporal y la falsa creencia de que su contenido en nutrientes es muy pequeño, han determinado una importante disminución en su consumo. Este cambio, junto con otros que afectan también a otros alimentos de origen vegetal, ha dado lugar a un deterioro de la calidad nutricional de la dieta, concretamente del perfil calórico, con una importante reducción en el aporte de carbohidratos complejos que pueden tener consecuencias negativas para la salud. Después de un breve repaso histórico sobre hábitos de consumo de este alimento, el libro, utilizando datos representativos de la población española, analiza la evolución del consumo en nuestro país desde la década de 1960s, la influencia de numerosas variables socioeconómicas, el aporte nutricional y las repercusiones en la calidad de la dieta. Incluye también un apartado con recetas de la cocina regional española en las que el pan es un ingrediente relevante y la valoración nutricional de las mismas

Long-term dietary folate deficiency accelerates progressive hearing loss on CBA/Ca mice

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).Dietary folic acid deficiency induced early hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice after two-months, corroborating the epidemiological association previously described between vitamin deficiency and this sensory impairment. However, this strain is prone to early hearing loss, and hence we decided to analyze whether the effects exerted by folate deprivation follow the same pattern in a mouse strain such as CBA/Ca, which is resistant to hearing impairment. Here, we show results of a long-term study on hearing carried out on CBA/Ca mice subjected to dietary folate deprivation. Systemic changes included decreased serum folate levels, hyperhomocysteinemia and signs of anemia in the group fed the folate-deficient diet. Initial signs of hearing loss were detected in this strain after 8-months of vitamin deficiency, and correlated with histological damage in the cochleae. In conclusion, the data presented reinforce the importance of adequate folic acid levels for the auditory system and suggest that the impact of dietary deficiencies may depend on the genetic background.RM was a fellow of the JAE-CSIC predoctoral program. This work was supported by grants of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2014-53979-R to IV; BFU2009-08977 to MP), the European Union (FP7-AFHELO and TARGEAR to IV).Peer reviewe

Reported Dietary Intake and Food Sources of Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, E and C in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

Zinc, selenium, and the vitamins A, E and C, all have specific biological functions that are involved mainly in the antioxidant defence system, which has important implications for the development of chronic diseases. We aimed to assess the reported intake of those six nutrients, as well as the food that contributes to their sources of intakes. Data were obtained from the Spanish ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain”) study, n = 2009 (9–75 years old). The analyses were performed in the whole population and in the plausible energy reporters after a misreporting analysis according to the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) protocol. A validated, photo-based three-day food record was used to collect the data. Mean (max−min) reported intake for the whole population of zinc was 8.1 ± 0.1 mg/day, (2.3–27.3 mg/day), selenium 75 ± 1 µg/day, (14–265 µg/day), vitamin A 668 µg RE/day (2–11,017 µg RE/day), retinol 364 ± 18 µg/day (0–10,881 µg/day), carotenes 1735 ± 35 µg/day (13–13,962 µg/day), vitamin E 7.0 ± 0.1 mg α-TE/day (0.7–55.2 mg α-TE/day) and vitamin C 84.4 ± 1.4 mg/day (5.0–802.7 mg/day). The main source intakes for zinc were meat and meat products, for selenium cereals and grains, for vitamin E oils and fat, and for vitamin A and C vegetables. There is an elevated percentage of the Spanish ANIBES population not meeting the EFSA recommended intakes for all analysed micronutrients: zinc (83%), vitamin A (60%), vitamin E (80%), vitamin C (36%) and selenium (25%).The authors would like to thank Coca-Cola Iberia and IPSOS for its support and technical advice, particularly Rafael Urrialde and Javier Ruiz

Energy Intake, Profile, and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings of the ANIBES Study

Energy intake, and the foods and beverages contributing to that, are considered key to understanding the high obesity prevalence worldwide. The relative contributions of energy intake and expenditure to the obesity epidemic, however, remain poorly defined in Spain. The purpose of this study was to contribute to updating data of dietary energy intake and its main sources from food and beverages, according to gender and age. These data were derived from the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake, and Energy Balance in Spain”) study, a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of the Spanish population (from 9–75 years old). A three-day dietary record, collected by means of a tablet device, was used to obtain information about food and beverage consumption and leftovers. The final sample comprised 2009 individuals (1,013 men, 996 women). The observed mean dietary energy intake was 7.6 ± 2.11 MJ/day (8.2 ± 2.22 MJ/day for men and 6.9 ± 1.79 MJ/day for women). The highest intakes were observed among adolescents aged 13–17 years (8.4 MJ/day), followed by children 9–12 years (8.2 ± 1.80 MJ/day), adults aged 18–64 (7.6 ± 2.14 MJ/day) and older adults aged 65–75 years (6.8 ± 1.88 MJ/day). Cereals or grains (27.4%), meats and derivatives (15.2%), oils and fats (12.3%), and milk and dairy products (11.8%) contributed most to daily energy intake. Energy contributions from non-alcoholic beverages (3.9%), fish and shellfish (3.6%), sugars and sweets (3.3%) and alcoholic beverages (2.6%) were moderate to minor. Contributions to caloric profile were 16.8%E from proteins; 41.1%E from carbohydrates, including 1.4%E from fiber; 38.5%E from fats; and 1.9%E from alcohol intake. We can conclude that energy intake is decreasing in the Spanish population. A variety of food and beverage groups contribute to energy intake; however, it is necessary to reinforce efforts for better adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet.The study was financially supported by Coca-Cola Iberia

Posicionamiento sobre la definición de azúcares añadidos y su declaración en el etiquetado de los productos alimenticios en España

Introducción: actualmente existe una gran preocupación relacionada con el contenido de azúcares de los alimentos y bebidas ya que un consumo excesivo se asocia con una mayor prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Además, hay una gran confusión tanto en los datos científicos publicados como en las informaciones que aparecen en los medios de comunicación sobre diversos conceptos tales como azúcares libres, azúcares intrínsecos o endógenos y azúcares añadidos a los alimentos, así como sobre el tipo de monosacáridos y disacáridos que forman parte de ellos. El término azúcares libres se refiere a aspectos de salud pública mientras que el de azúcares añadidos se relaciona con la información nutricional incluida en el etiquetado regulado en el Reglamento 1169/2011, aplicable a la información alimentaria facilitada al consumidor. Material y métodos: análisis de la legislación vigente en la Unión Europea y en España, así como en Estados Unidos y México, junto con los posicionamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) y la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN), así como de sus comités científicos sobre la definición y declaración de azúcares totales, azúcares libres y azúcares añadidos. Resultados:los azúcares añadidos se declaran en el etiquetado en países como en Estados Unidos y México. En el caso de Estados Unidos hay una propuesta de modificación del porcentaje que deben contribuir a la dieta, pasando del 10 % al 6 %. En el caso de la Unión Europea solo está establecida la ingesta de referencia para los hidratos de carbono: 45-65 %, al igual que ya lo ha hecho el Comité Científico de la AESAN. Solo en el caso del estudio ANIBES hay un dato aproximado del consumo de azúcares añadidos para la población española: un 7,3 %. Conclusiones: se deben establecer ingestas de referencia para los azúcares añadidos y hacer que se declaren en la información del etiquetado de los productos alimenticios, para poder trabajar con datos fidedignos en las tablas de composición de alimentos, conocer la ingesta real por parte de la población española, y así implementar medidas de salud pública que permitan reducir la ingesta de los mismos en todos los productos alimenticios que los contengan

La carne de vacuno en la alimentación humana

36 páginas, 2 Figuras, 7 Tablas.-- Publicaciones. Serie "Divulgación", Nº 16 Madrid, 2001.El «buen comer» se puede considerar desde dos puntos de vista distintos: como una necesidad y como un placer. En primer lugar, el hombre necesita alimentarse para mantener su salud y actividad. Con este fin, y dado su carácter de omnívoro, puede utilizar una amplia variedad de alimentos que le proporcionan la energía y todos los nutrientes, en calidad y cantidad suficientes para asegurar un adecuado estado de salud y desarrollo. La segunda faceta del «buen comer», la alimentación como fuente de placer, se basa en el hecho de que aunque una persona necesite una cantidad determinada de energía y nutrientes, es decir, aunque tenga una sola forma de nutrirse, a estas necesidades puede hacerlas frente a partir de un abanico muy amplio de alimentos que conforman distintas dietas o modos de alimentarse. En este sentido, la selección y consumo de alimentos que constituyen la dieta normal de un individuo están regulados por muchos factores, aparte de los nutricionales, que, en conjunto, determinan los hábitos alimentarios. Estos factores pueden clasificarse según el esquema de la figura 1.Peer reviewe

Beverage Consumption Habits and Association with Total Water and Energy Intakes in the Spanish Population: Findings of the ANIBES Study

Background: Inadequate hydration is a public health issue that imposes a significant economic burden. In Spain, data of total water intake (TWI) are scarce. There is a clear need for a national study that quantifies water and beverage intakes and explores associations between the types of beverages and energy intakes. Methods: The Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance Study ANIBES is a national survey of diet and nutrition conducted among a representative sample of 2285 healthy participants aged 9–75 years in Spain. Food and beverage intakes were assessed in a food diary over three days. Day and time of beverage consumption were also recorded. Results: On average, TWI was 1.7 L (SE 21.2) for men and 1.6 L (SE 18.9) for women. More than 75% of participants had inadequate TWI, according to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations. Mean total energy intake (EI) was 1810 kcal/day (SE 11.1), of which 12% was provided by beverages. Water was the most consumed beverage, followed by milk. The contribution of alcoholic drinks to the EI was near 3%. For caloric soft drinks, a relatively low contribution to the EI was obtained, only 2%. Of eight different types of beverages, the variety score was positively correlated with TWI (r = 0.39) and EI (r = 0.23), suggesting that beverage variety is an indicator of higher consumption of food and drinks. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that well-conducted surveys such as the ANIBES study have the potential to yield rich contextual value data that can emphasize the need to undertake appropriate health and nutrition policies to increase the total water intake at the population level promoting a healthy Mediterranean hydration pattern.The ANIBES study was supported by Coca-Cola Iberia through an agreement with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN) who assisted with the technical advice. The current analysis included in this paper was financially supported by a Grant from the European Hydration Institute to the Canarian Foundation Science and Technology Park of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Iron Intake and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

Background: Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems in the world. It is frequent in both developed and developing countries and mainly affects women of childbearing age and children. Methods: Results were derived from the ANIBES cross-sectional study using a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years, n = 2009). A three-day dietary record, collected by means of a tablet device, was used to obtain information about food and beverage consumption and leftovers. Results: Total median dietary iron intake was 9.8 mg/day for women and 11.3 mg/day for men. Highest intakes were observed among plausible adolescent reporters (13.3 mg/day), followed by adults (13.0 mg/day), elderly (12.7 mg/day), and children (12.2 mg/day). Prevalence of adequacy for iron intakes as assessed by EFSA criteria was higher than for the Spanish Recommended Iron Intake values in all age groups. Females had lower adequacy than males for both criteria, 27.3% and 17.0% vs. 77.2% and 57.0% respectively. Cereals or grains (26.7%–27.4%), meats and derivatives (19.8%–22.7%), and vegetables (10.3%–12.4%) were the major iron contributors. Conclusion: Higher iron intakes were observed in adolescents and were highest for non-heme iron. The prevalence of adequate iron intake according to EFSA criteria was higher than compared to national recommendations, and women had the lowest intakes. Therefore, there is a need to define standard dietary reference intake to determine inadequate iron intakes in the Spanish population.The study was financially supported by a grant from Coca-Cola, Iberia through an agreement with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (Fundación Española de la Nutrición (FEN))