Early signatures of ozone trend reversal over the Antarctic

We report on a detailed time series analysis of long total column ozone (TO) records based on multi-satellite observations of daily resolution. We concentrate on three geographic latitudes over and around the Antarctic area, specifically on three circles at 58.5 degrees S, 59.5 degrees S, and 79.5 degrees S. Almost continuous observations are available at the two former latitudes; however, data are lacking during the polar winter periods at 79.5 degrees S, because the measurement technique requires sunlight. The methodology is motivated by level-crossing statistics, where subsets of the records above or below particular threshold levels are evaluated. Long-term trend reversal at around the turn of the century is already detectable for low TO levels in the raw time series in the "ozone-hole" region (79.5 degrees S). In order to overcome the apparent non-stationarities of the time series, we determined daily TO differences (Delta TO) belonging to the same geographic longitudes between the different latitudinal circles. The result is a stable, stationary behavior for small (absolute) Delta TO values in the period January-February-March without any significant detectable trends. The high absolute value Delta TO subsets (September-October-November) indicate a robust trend reversal in the middle of the 1990s. The observed trend reversal in the total column ozone time series is consistent with the temporal development of the stratospheric halogen loading. However, a close correspondence of ozone and halogen turnaround years is not expected because of the statistical uncertainties in the determination of the ozone turnaround, and the many factors contributing to ozone depletion processes

Critique and evaluation of published articles quality of Health Sciences qualitative Researches Journal based on CASP scale

Recently, rate of journals and published article in the medical sciences has grown, but the quality of these journals and published articles should be criticized. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of criticizing quality of published studies in the qualitative research in health sciences journal based on the CASP scale. Methods: This study has been done with a cross-sectional descriptive method. In this study, the quality assessment of qualitative articles published in the Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences in two steps was performed. In the first stage, the quantity of published studies by descriptive statics has been investigated. In the second stage, based on CASP scale evaluation was perform. Results: The highest percentage of published articles related to content analysis with 52.9% and the lowest percentage of published articles related to ethnography and mixed method with 0.42%. In the 83.1 percentage of published articles, CASP-related indicators are also observed. The highest compliance rate of CASP scale indicators is related to the index of the clarity of the research goals, which is observed in 100% of published articles. The least observance of the indexes in the published articles is related to ethical questions which 65.5 percentage of published articles has been followed. In general Conclusion: Based on findings, recently the quality and quantity of published articles in Qualitative Research in Health Sciences journal is growing, but rate of some types of published studies and their quality is low, which these items should be improve

Domestic resource mobilization : analysis of Thai survey data

This report replaces HOMES research report no. 3. Added tables

Consumer expenditures in Thailand : an application of HOMES

For more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/This report has been prepared with two objectives in mind. The first is to report and document substantive research on consumer expenditures in Thailand. The second is to provide training material to guide other researchers who wish to carry out similar studies