Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (cetp) Expression Does Not Affect Glucose Homeostasis And Insulin Secretion: Studies In Human Cetp Transgenic Mice.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma protein that mediates the exchange of triglycerides for esterified cholesterol between HDL and apoB-lipoproteins. Previous studies suggest that CETP may modify glucose metabolism in patients or cultured cells. In this study, we tested if stable CETP expression would impair glucose metabolism. We used human CETP transgenic mice and non-transgenic littermate controls (NTg), fed with control or high fat diet, as well as in dyslipidemic background and aging conditions. Assays included glucose and insulin tolerance tests, isolated islets insulin secretion, tissue glucose uptake and adipose tissue GLUT mRNA expression. CETP expression did not modify glucose or insulin tolerance in all tested conditions such as chow and high fat diet, adult and aged mice, normo and dyslipidemic backgrounds. Fasting and fed state plasma levels of insulin were not differ in CETP and NTg mice. Direct measurements of isolated pancreatic islet insulin secretion rates induced by glucose (11, 16.7 or 22 mM), KCl (40 mM), and leucine (10 mM) were similar in NTg and CETP mice, indicating that CETP expression did not affect β-cell function in vivo and ex vivo. Glucose uptake by insulin target tissues, measured in vivo using (3)H-2-deoxyglucose, showed that CETP expression had no effect on the glucose uptake in liver, muscle, perigonadal, perirenal, subcutaneous and brown adipose tissues. Accordingly, GLUT1 and GLUT4 mRNA in adipose tissue were not affected by CETP. In summary, by comparing the in vivo all-or-nothing CETP expressing mouse models, we demonstrated that CETP per se has no impact on the glucose tolerance and tissue uptake, global insulin sensitivity and beta cell insulin secretion rates.15

Holocentric Chromosomes of Luzula elegans Are Characterized by a Longitudinal Centromere Groove, Chromosome Bending, and a Terminal Nucleolus Organizer Region

The structure of holocentric chromosomes was analyzed in mitotic cells of Luzula elegans. Light and scanning electron microscopy observations provided evidence for the existence of a longitudinal groove along each sister chromatid. The centromere-specific histone H3 variant, CENH3, colocalized with this groove and with microtubule attachment sites. The terminal chromosomal regions were CENH3-negative. During metaphase to anaphase transition, L. elegans chromosomes typically curved to a sickle-like shape, a process that is likely to be influenced by the pulling forces of microtubules along the holocentric axis towards the corresponding microtubule organizing regions. A single pair of 45S rDNA sites, situated distal to Arabidopsis-telomere repeats, was observed at the terminal region of one chromosome pair. We suggest that the 45S rDNA position in distal centromere-free regions could be required to ensure chromosome stability. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

Distribuição de elementos transponíveis em cromossomos de coffea arabica

Nos últimos anos o Brasil vem se destacando na pesquisa genética de cafeeiros, principalmente na área de melhoramento. Recentemente, a pesquisa em biotecnologia de cafeeiros vem ganhando espaço devido aos trabalhos em genômica, estes trabalhos juntamente com estudos citogenéticos têm contribuído muito para o entendimento da organização genômica em algumas espécies de Coffea. Neste gênero com mais de 100 espécies, as mais importantes economicamente são Coffea arabica e C. Canephora. A primeira espécie é a única e tetraplóide (2n = 44) do gênero, enquanto as demais são auto-incompatíveis e diplóides. Apesar das análises citogenéticas e moleculares indicarem que C. arabica é um anfidiplóide, ainda existe dificuldade para se confirmar os seus parentais. Isto se deve possivelmente a alta similaridade do genoma entre estas espécies de Coffea, uma possível consequência da presença de famílias repetitivas de DNA comuns a essas espécies. Porém, ainda são escassos os estudos sobre a distribuição e caracterização de famílias de DNA repetitivos em Coffea. Estes estudos limitam-se a identificar regiões heterocromáticas e localização de sítios de DNA ribossômico (DNAr) 45S e 5S. Com relação aos elementos transponíveis (TEs), foi encontrado um predomínio de retrotransposons Copia e Gypsy. Uma vez que a identificação e localização destes elementos transponíveis pode auxiliar a compreensão da organização genômica das espécies de Coffea, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a distribuição cromossômica em C. arabica de três elementos transponíveis. Para isso sondas de três clones contendo as sequências de elementos transponíveis, dois transposons MuDR e Tip100 (Ca_TE-009, Ca_TE-050) e um retrotransposon LTR deal (Ca_TE-079), foram hibridadas em Coffea arabica. Os resultados indicam uma distribuição co-localizada entre os transposons analisados e regiões terminais heterocromáticas, contudo o retroelemento possui uma distribuição mais dispersa. Estudos futuros serão feitos para identificar a distribuição destes elementos transponíveis nas espécies consideradas progenitoras de C. arabica

Altered glucose homeostasis and hepatic function in obese mice deficient for both kinin receptor genes

The Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS) has been implicated in several aspects of metabolism, including the regulation of glucose homeostasis and adiposity. Kinins and des-Arg-kinins are the major effectors of this system and promote their effects by binding to two different receptors, the kinin B2 and B1 receptors, respectively. To understand the influence of the KKS on the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we generated an animal model deficient for both kinin receptor genes and leptin (obB1B2KO). Six-month-old obB1B2KO mice showed increased blood glucose levels. Isolated islets of the transgenic animals were more responsive to glucose stimulation releasing greater amounts of insulin, mainly in 3-month-old mice, which was corroborated by elevated serum C-peptide concentrations. Furthermore, they presented hepatomegaly, pronounced steatosis, and increased levels of circulating transaminases. This mouse also demonstrated exacerbated gluconeogenesis during the pyruvate challenge test. The hepatic abnormalities were accompanied by changes in the gene expression of factors linked to glucose and lipid metabolisms in the liver. Thus, we conclude that kinin receptors are important for modulation of insulin secretion and for the preservation of normal glucose levels and hepatic functions in obese mice, suggesting a protective role of the KKS regarding complications associated with obesity and T2DM

Chromatin differentiation between Theobroma cacao L. and T. grandiflorum Schum

A comparative analysis of mitotic chromosomes of Theobroma cacao (cacao) and T. grandiflorum (cupuaçu) was performed aiming to identify cytological differences between the two most important species of this genus. Both species have symmetric karyotypes, with 2n = 20 metacentric chromosomes ranging in size from 2.00 to 1.19 μm (cacao) and from 2.21 to 1.15 μm (cupuaçu). The interphase nuclei of both species were of the arreticulate type, displaying up to 20 chromocentres, which were more regularly shaped in cacao than in cupuaçu. Prophase chromosomes of both species were more condensed in the proximal region, sometimes including the whole short arm. Both species exhibited only one pair of terminal heterochromatic bands, positively stained with chromomycin A 3 , which co-localized with the single 45S rDNA site. Each karyotype displayed a single 5S rDNA site in the proximal region of another chromosome pair. Heterochromatic bands were also observed on the centromeric/pericentromeric regions of all 20 chromosomes of cacao after C-banding followed by Giemsa or DAPI staining, whereas in cupuaçu they were never detected. These data suggest that the chromosomes of both species have been largely conserved and their pericentromeric chromatin is the only citologically differentiated region