Eicosapentaenoic acid and oxypurinol in the treatment of muscle wasting in a mouse model of cancer cachexia

Cancer cachexia is a wasting condition, driven by systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. This study investigated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in combination with oxypurinol as a treatment in a mouse model of cancer cachexia. Mice with cancer cachexia were randomized into 4 treatment groups (EPA (0.4 g/kg/day), oxypurinol (1 mmol/L ad-lib), combination, or control), and euthanized after 29 days. Analysis of oxidative damage to DNA, mRNA analysis of pro-oxidant, antioxidant and proteolytic pathway components, along with enzyme activity of pro- and antioxidants were completed on gastrocnemius muscle. The control group displayed earlier onset of tumor compared to EPA and oxypurinol groups (P&lt;0.001). The EPA group maintained body weight for an extended duration (20 days) compared to the oxypurinol (5 days) and combination (8 days) groups (P&lt;0.05). EPA (18.2&plusmn;3.2 pg/ml) and combination (18.4&plusmn;3.7 pg/ml) groups had significantly higher 8-OH-dG levels than the control group (12.9&plusmn;1.4 pg/ml, P&le;0.05) indicating increased oxidative damage to DNA. mRNA levels of GPx1, MURF1 and MAFbx were higher following EPA treatment compared to control (P&le;0.05). Whereas oxypurinol was associated with higher GPx1, MnSOD, CAT, XDH, MURF1, MAFbx and UbB mRNA compared to control (P&le;0.05). Activity of total SOD was higher in the oxypurinol group (32.2&plusmn;1.5 U/ml) compared to control (27.0&plusmn;1.3 U/ml, P&lt;0.01), GPx activity was lower in the EPA group (8.76&plusmn;2.0 U/ml) compared to control (14.0&plusmn;1.9 U/ml, P&lt;0.05), and catalase activity was lower in the combination group (14.4&plusmn;2.8 U/ml) compared to control (20.9&plusmn;2.0 U/ml, P&lt;0.01). There was no change in XO activity. The increased rate of weight decline in mice treated with oxypurinol indicates that XO may play a protective role during the progression of cancer cachexia, and its inhibition is detrimental to outcomes. In combination with EPA, there was little significant improvement from control, indicating oxypurinol is unlikely to be a viable treatment compound in cancer cachexia.<br /

CHEMICAL, MICROBIOLOGY AND SENSORIAL COMPOSITION OF POTATO GNOCCHI WITH THE INCLUSION OF DEHYDRATED MIX OF TILAPIA AND TUNA

 Fish has nutritional characteristics that contribute to a healthy diet, however, its consumption in Brazil and in the world is still insufficient. During its processing part of the biomass is discarded, which requires alternatives to take advantage of this raw material, and a way to achieve this goal is to elaborate the dehydrated mix and include in products commonly consumed, but with low nutritional value. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory characteristics, chemical and microbiological composition of potato gnocchi with inclusion of a tilapia (70%) and tuna (30%) dehydrated mix. Four types of potato gnocchi were prepared with the inclusion of this mix, 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The inclusion of the mix did not influence the average values of crude protein (13.35%) and carbohydrates (48.87%). However, the ash content was higher (P <0.05) for the higher inclusion levels and the lipid content was higher in the gnocchi with fish mix. The inclusion of different levels of the dehydrated fish mix in the gnocchi did not interfere in the aroma, texture, taste, general impression and purchase intention. Only the color of the gnocchi was affected by the inclusion of the mix. It is concluded that the addition of the dehydrated tilapia mix with tuna improved the mineral content and quality lipids of the potato gnocchi and that the inclusion of 30% is acceptable, since the consumers did not identify differences in relation to the gnocchi without the mix of fish.O que você quer fazer ?Novo correiocópia de O que você quer fazer ?Novo correiocópia de O que você quer fazer ?Novo correiocópia de O que você quer fazer ?Novo correiocópia de O que você quer fazer ?Novo correiocópia de O que você quer fazer ?Novo correiocópia de O que você quer fazer ?Novo correiocópia d

Digestibility of swine liver and meat protein hydrolysates by Nile tilapia

The objective of this work was to evaluate the digestibility of the protein, amino acids, and gross energy of swine liver and meat hydrolysates by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish were distributed into 12 tanks with conical bottoms, in a completely randomized design, and fed with the three following diets, with four replicates each: a reference diet with soybean and fish meal; and two test diets, one with swine liver hydrolysate and the other with swine meat hydrolysate. The coefficients of apparent digestibility were high for both hydrolysates, being above 83% for dry matter, 95% for crude protein, and 92% for gross energy. Regarding amino acids, the coefficients remained at 98–100% for the two hydrolysates. The digestibility percentages of the hydrolysates were higher than those of the protein ingredients, both of plant and animal origin, commonly used in the formulation of diets for this fish species. The tested hydrolysates have potential to be used in the formulation of diets for Nile tilapia.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade da proteína, dos aminoácidos e da energia bruta de hidrolisado de fígado e carne suínos pela tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os peixes foram distribuídos em 12 tanques com fundo cônico, em delineamento inteiramente causalizado, tendo sido alimentados com as seguintes três dietas, com quatro repetições cada uma: dieta referência com farinha de soja e de peixe; e duas dietas teste, uma com hidrolisado de fígado suíno e outra com hidrolisado de carne suína. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente foram elevados para ambos os hidrolisados, tendo sido acima de 83% para matéria seca, 95% para proteína bruta e 92% para energia. Em relação aos aminoácidos, os coeficientes permaneceram entre 98–100% para os dois hidrolisados. Os percentuais de digestibilidade dos hidrolisados foram maiores do que os dos ingredientes proteicos, tanto de origem vegetal como animal, comumente utilizados na fabricação de dietas para esta espécie de peixe. Os hidrolisados testados têm potencial para serem usados na formulação de dietas para tilápia-do-nilo

AGUAPÉ (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) EM DIETAS PARA JUVENIS DE TILÁPIAS DO NILO

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influ&ecirc;ncia da inclus&atilde;o de Eichhornia crassipes (aguap&eacute;) no tempo de passagem do alimento no trato gastrointestinal de juvenis de til&aacute;pias do Nilo em diferentes temperaturas e avaliar o desempenho produtivo das mesmas. Foram utilizados 80 juvenis de til&aacute;pia do Nilo com peso inicial m&eacute;dio de 7,09&plusmn;0,30 gramas e comprimento inicial m&eacute;dio de 8,06&plusmn;1,03 cm, distribu&iacute;dos em 16 aqu&aacute;rios com volume &uacute;til de 30L no Laborat&oacute;rio de Aquicultura do GEMAq/Unioeste por um per&iacute;odo de 33 dias. As dietas foram formuladas para conter 32% PB e 3400 kcal de ED/kg, com a adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de 0,0; 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5% de E. crassipes atrav&eacute;s de folhas e pec&iacute;olos secos e mo&iacute;dos. O tempo de tr&acirc;nsito gastrointestinal foi avaliado em horas, nas temperaturas de 20 e 25&ordm;C com suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o de &oacute;xido de cr&ocirc;mioIII (1,0%) como marcador inerte. Pode-se verificar que tanto o aumento da temperatura como a eleva&ccedil;&atilde;o do teor de E. crassipes na dieta afetou o tempo de passagem do alimento no trato gastrointestinal da til&aacute;pia do Nilo (P&lt;0,05). Quando a temperatura da &aacute;gua estava em 20&ordm;C, a adi&ccedil;&atilde;o 7,5% de aguap&eacute; apresentou tempo de passagem de 3h e 04min e, quando a temperatura estava em 25&ordm;C o tempo de passagem diminuiu para 2h e 32 min. N&atilde;o foi observado influ&ecirc;ncia da adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de aguap&eacute; no desempenho produtivo dos peixes. Observou-se que a inclus&atilde;o do aguap&eacute; na dieta e a varia&ccedil;&atilde;o da temperatura exercem grande influ&ecirc;ncia no tempo de evacua&ccedil;&atilde;o g&aacute;strica para a til&aacute;pia do Nilo

DDGS (Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles) as an ingredient in feed of the nile tilapia

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential utilization of DDGS on diet of Nile Tilapia by chemical and digestibility analyses. Firstly, the chemical composition of the ingredient was evaluated and then were made two diets: a reference one and a test diet made of 80% with the reference diet and 20% with DDGS, for the digestibility study. For the faeces collection was used the indirect method, using chromium oxide as an inert marker. After the collection, the faeces were destined to chemical composion analysis and so the experimental diets. With the results, the Nile Tilapia coefficient of digestibility of the DDGS nutrients was calculated. Proteins and total lipids mainly compose the DDGS, which gives its high concentration of crude energy. The Nile Tilapia has the capacity of using, mainly protein, with digestibility coeficients of 89.51% when compared to energy, which is 62.52%. Therefore, this ingredient shows potential to be utilized on diets of Nile tilapia as a proteic ingredient

Effect of phytase on digestibility of corn, sorghum and wheat bran by silver catfish (Rhamdia voulezi)

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the digestibility of plant energetic ingredients, corn, sorghum and wheat bran, with and without phytase supplementation, in silver catfish (Rhamdia voulezi). The experimental design was completely randomized, represented by eight treatments, which consisted of the development of a reference diet and a test diet for each ingredient evaluated (corn, sorghum and wheat bran), with and without supplemental phytase. Diets were formulated so as to contain 70% reference feed and 30% test ingredient. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein were significantly influenced only in relation to the evaluated ingredients. Phytase influenced the digestibility coefficients of energy and phosphorus, with interaction between food and the enzyme addition. The interaction between these two factors shows that the phytase efficiency is dependent on the type of vegetable ingredient used in the diet. The results suggest the supplementation of phytase for a higher nutrient digestibility of corn, sorghum and wheat bran by silver catifish (R. voulezi). Keywords: feeding, enzyme, plant energetic ingredients, silver catfish. Efeito da fitase sobre a digestibilidade do milho, sorgo e farelo de trigo pelo jundiá (Rhamdia voulezi) RESUMO. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade dos ingredientes energéticos vegetais, milho, sorgo e farelo de trigo, com e sem suplementação de fitase pelo jundiá (Rhamdia voulezi). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, representado por oito tratamentos, os quais consistiram na elaboração de uma dieta-referência e uma dieta-teste para cada ingrediente avaliado (milho, sorgo e farelo de trigo), com e sem a suplementação de fitase. As dietas foram fabricadas de modo que continham 70% da ração referência e 30% do ingrediente teste. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta foram influenciados significativamente somente em relação aos ingredientes avaliados. A fitase influenciou nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia e do fósforo, onde também foi observada a interação entre os alimentos e a inclusão da enzima. A interação entre esses dois fatores demonstra que a eficiência da fitase é dependente do tipo de ingrediente vegetal utilizado na dieta. Pelos resultados obtidos sugere-se a suplementação de fitase visando maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes, do milho, sorgo e farelo de trigo pelo jundiá (R. voulezi). Palavras-chave: alimentação, enzima, ingredientes energéticos vegetais, jundiá

Produção de pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo em sistema de recirculação de água com tanques retangulares e diferentes designs de entrada de água

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the water inlet design in rectangular tanks, on the water quality and productive performance of Nile tilapia post-larvae. 720 animals weighing 0.02 g and 12.52 mm in length were distributed in 12 rectangular tanks, with a length/width ratio of 1.20 and a water inlet flow of 3.2 times the useful volume of the tanks. The treatments consisted of three water inlet designs: upper, single vertical submerged, and double vertical submerged, distributed in four replicates each. Productive performance (weight and final length, specific growth rate, condition factor and survival) and water quality (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, dissolved solids and electrical conductivity) parameter were evaluated. Dissolved oxygen was evaluated at the four ends and center of each tank to check for dead zones. In addition, the suspended solids concentration was evaluated 30 minutes after feeding at 21 days of study. The water inlet design did not influence the productive performance and the general parameter of water quality (p&gt;0.05). There was no difference in the concentration of dissolved oxygen within the tank for each treatment, which indicates that there was no formation of dead zones (p&gt;0.05). There was a difference in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the extremities and the center of the tanks due to the treatments, where the lowest values were verifies for the tanks with submerged vertical water inlet (p&lt;0.05). The tanks with submerged vertical double inlets showed a lower concentration of suspended solids, compared to the other treatments (p&lt;0.05). Thus, the use of a single vertical submerged inlet is not indicated and there was no negative influence on production performance and water quality, it is possible to produce Nile tilapia post-larvae with upper water inlet.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes formas de entrada de água em tanques retangulares na produção de pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo em sistema de recirculação. 720 animais com peso de 0,02 g e comprimento de 12.52 mm foram distribuídos em 12 tanques retangulares, com relação de comprimento/largura de 1,20 e vazão de entrada de água de 3,2 vezes o volume útil dos tanques. Os tratamentos consistiram em três designs de entrada de água: superior, única vertical submersa e dupla vertical submersa, com quatro repetições cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho produtivo (peso e comprimento final, taxa de crescimento específico, fator de condição e sobrevivência) e a qualidade de água (pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, sólidos dissolvidos e condutividade elétrica). O oxigênio dissolvido foi avaliado nas quatro extremidades e ao centro de cada tanque para verificar a existência de zonas mortas. Além disso, foi verificado a concentração de sólidos suspensos, 30 minutos após o arraçoamento aos 21 dias de estudo. O design de entrada de água não influenciou no desempenho produtivo e nos parâmetros gerais de qualidade de água (p&gt;0,05). Não houve diferença na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido dentro do tanque do mesmo tratamento, indicando que não houve formação de zonas mortas (p&gt;0,05). Houve diferença na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido nas extremidades e no centro dos tanques, devido aos tratamentos, onde os menores valores foram verificados para os tanques com entrada de água única vertical submersa (p&lt;0,05). Os tanques com dupla entrada vertical submersa apresentaram menor concentração de sólidos suspensos, em comparação aos demais tratamentos (p&lt;0,05). Dessa forma, não é indicado a utilização de entrada única vertical submersa e como não houve influência negativa no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de água, é possível produzir pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo com entrada de água superior

TRIM33 switches off Ifnb1 gene transcription during the late phase of macrophage activation

Despite its importance during viral or bacterial infections, transcriptional regulation of the interferon-β gene (Ifnb1) in activated macrophages is only partially understood. Here we report that TRIM33 deficiency results in high, sustained expression of Ifnb1 at late stages of toll-like receptor-mediated activation in macrophages but not in fibroblasts. In macrophages, TRIM33 is recruited by PU.1 to a conserved region, the Ifnb1 Control Element (ICE), located 15 kb upstream of the Ifnb1 transcription start site. ICE constitutively interacts with Ifnb1 through a TRIM33-independent chromatin loop. At late phases of lipopolysaccharide activation of macrophages, TRIM33 is bound to ICE, regulates Ifnb1 enhanceosome loading, controls Ifnb1 chromatin structure and represses Ifnb1 gene transcription by preventing recruitment of CBP/p300. These results characterize a previously unknown mechanism of macrophage-specific regulation of Ifnb1 transcription whereby TRIM33 is critical for Ifnb1 gene transcription shutdown

Two inhibitory control training interventions designed to improve eating behaviour and determine mechanisms of change

Inhibitory control training has been shown to influence eating behaviour in the laboratory; however, the reliability of these effects is not yet established outside the laboratory, nor are the mechanisms responsible for change in behaviour. Two online Stop-Signal Task training interventions were conducted to address these points. In Study 1, 72 participants completed baseline and follow-up measures of inhibitory control, self-regulatory depletion, fat intake and body-mass index. Participants were randomly assigned to complete one of three Stop-Signal Tasks daily for ten days: food-specific inhibition - inhibition in response to unhealthy food stimuli only, general inhibition - inhibition was not contingent on type of stimuli, and control - no inhibition. While fat intake did not decrease, body-mass index decreased in the food-specific condition and change in this outcome was mediated by changes in vulnerability to depletion. In Study 2, the reliability and longevity of these effects were tested by replicating the intervention with a third measurement time-point. Seventy participants completed baseline, post-intervention and follow-up measures. While inhibitory control and vulnerability to depletion improved in both training conditions post-intervention, eating behaviour and body-mass index did not. Further, improvements in self-regulatory outcomes were not maintained at follow-up. It appears that while the training paradigm employed in the current studies may improve self-regulatory outcomes, it may not necessarily improve health outcomes. It is suggested that this may be due to the task parameters, and that a training paradigm that utilises a higher proportion of stop-signals may be necessary to change behaviour. In addition, improvements in self-regulation do not appear to persist over time. These findings further current conceptualisations of the nature of self-regulation and have implications for the efficacy of online interventions designed to improve eating behaviour