2,736 research outputs found
An exploratory study of image and performance enhancement drug use in a male British South Asian community
Background: Consumerism of image and performance enhancement drugs (IPEDs) is a world-wide public health concern. Given anecdotal reporting of increased normalisation of IPED use and uptake of British South Asian male IPED users at UK needle and syringe exchange services, the study aimed to explore use of IPEDs among this under-researched ethnic group.
Methods: 20 in depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of British South Asian males attending harm reduction outreach in the North East of England. The interviews explored motives for use of IPEDs, sourcing routes, information seeking, injecting behaviours and cultural and community sensitivities around IPED use among this group. The data was collected and analysed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach (IPA).
Results: Motives for use centred on the achievement of enhanced definition and density of muscle, and improved recovery from training and injuries. All participants reported initial stimulation of interest and triggers to seek information on IPEDs due to social media, community and peer messages. Diverse forms of IPED use were described, with rational and moderated use common among older participants. In contrast younger participants adopted more excessive use in seeking short cuts to attaining muscle size. Sourcing of androgenicβanabolic steroids (AAS) and growth hormones from originating countries (Pakistan, India) was reported, along with diversification of entrepreneurial activity into IPED dealing networks. Sellers were generally reported to provide effective and reliable products and mentoring to inexperienced users. Group injecting practices were common. IPED use was observed by some as health promotion medium within religious contexts. Crime deterrence and drug abstinence occurred for some while involved in AAS cycles.
Conclusions: The study is intended to contribute to health policy and practice debate around the targeting of dedicated education, outreach and harm reduction for ethnic groups engaged in IPED use
Cross-linguistic constraints and lineage-specific developments in the semantics of cutting and breaking in Japonic and Germanic
Semantic variation in the cutting and breaking domain has been shown to be constrained across languages in a previous typological study, but it was unclear whether Japanese was an outlier in this domain. Here we revisit cutting and breaking in the Japonic language area by collecting new naming data for 40 videoclips depicting cutting and breaking events in Standard Japanese, the highly divergent Tohoku dialects, as well as four related Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama). We find that the Japonic languages recapitulate the same semantic dimensions attested in the previous typological study, confirming that semantic variation in the domain of cutting and breaking is indeed cross-linguistically constrained. We then compare our new Japonic data to previously collected Germanic data and find that, in general, related languages resemble each other more than unrelated languages, and that the Japonic languages resemble each other more than the Germanic languages do. Nevertheless, English resembles all of the Japonic languages more than it resembles Swedish. Together, these findings show that the rate and extent of semantic change can differ between language families, indicating the existence of lineage-specific developments on top of universal cross-linguistic constraints
Effecten van een didactische interventie bij het leren in kleine groepen in de basisvorming.
This article reports on two intervention studies into the effects of a training in the use of social and/or cognitive strategies on the learning outcomes of students in secondary mathematics education. Special attention is given to differential effects for high- and low-achieving students. The studies were addressed to the following research question: What are the general and differential effects of training in the use of social and/or cognitive strategies on the results of learning in secondary mathematics? In the first study three instructional programs for co-operative learning were compared: (i) an experimental program with special instruction in the use of social strategies, (ii) an experimental program with special instruction in the use of cognitive strategies, and (iii) a control program without training in either cognitive or social strategies. The programs were identical with respect to mathematical content and general instructional settings (a combination of whole-class instruction, working in co-operative groups and individual work). The research was conducted in two schools for secondary education and in 21 classes, involving a total of 511 students. The design was a pretest-posttest control group design, using two experimental groups and one control group. The data were analysed from a multi-level perspective. The outcomes of the investigation clearly show the effects of the intervention. Teaching cognitive and social strategies has the expected, positive effects. In addition to this main effect, a compensatory effect for the low-achieving students was found. The low-achieving students in the experimental conditions outperformed their counterparts in the control group.In the experimental program of the second study students were trained in cognitive strategies and social strategies. To put it differently, the training involved mathematical problem solving and strategies for effective group work: social and cognitive strategies were integrated. As in the first study, students in the control group did not receive any strategy instruction. In general, the outcomes of the second study confirmed the positive results of the first study, however it turned out that low achieving students in the experimental program had about the same learning gains as their counterparts in the control program. The differences in outcomes concerning the low achieving students are discussed in detai
Community pharmacist experiences of providing needle and syringe programmes in Ireland
Background: Community pharmacists are increasingly acknowledged as under-utilized, important and accessible health providers in providing harm reduction support to drug users via needle and syringe programmes (NSP), provision of advice, HIV/Hepatitis testing and as referral mechanism to social, medical and treatment services. We report here on qualitative findings as part of the evaluation of the pilot Pharmacy Needle Exchange (PNEX) programme in Ireland.
Objectives: The aim was to understand and illustrate pharmacist experiences of providing NSP. Methods: Of the 107 eligible pharmacies, a total of 70 participated in the national evaluation. Telephone interviews (n=17) and one to-one interviews (n=13) using a semi-structured guide were conducted with 30 pharmacists. Analysis of data was conducted using the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological (EPP) five step protocol.
Results: Pharmacist experiences illustrated the largely positive nature of providing NSP, and highlighted needs to develop harm reduction training for pharmacists and appropriate strategies to raise awareness, provide exchange packs to meet the specific needs of the diverse populations of people who inject drugs and ensure the development of trusting relationships and opportunities to engage within a confidential service.
Conclusions: Further enhancement of NSP coverage and targeted service delivery within national care pathways for drug and alcohol services is warranted
ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π³Π° Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°.ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΡΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ³Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π· ΠΎΠ±'ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ.In work influence of bunches of rapid electrons is explored on a structure and properties of radiation-protective materials of compositions, kapsulirovannykh in polymeric termoplastichnye shells. The results of theoretical calculations of run of rapid electrons are presented in polymeric kompozite, estimation of protective descriptions and experimental results on a change power of dose of electronic radiation after the layers of polymeric kompozita with a by volume electric charge. An amorphously-crystalline structure and destruction of polymeric kompozita, is explored
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