Implementasi Fungsi Rasional (X2 + 3x − 5)/(5x + 2) Sebagai Pembangkit Bilangan Acak

Penelitian ini menguji fungsi ( x 2 + 3 x − 5) /(5 x + 2) untuk dijadikan kunci pembangkit bilangan acak Kriptografi Block Cipher digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan Metode Fungsi Rasional Pengujian selanjutnya dilakukan dengan proses run test, Mono Bit test, dan Block Bit test untuk melihat keacakan dari fungsi rasional yang sudah didapat. Fungsi kemudian dilakukan pengujian korelasi antara chiperteks dan kunci yang memberikan hasil yang mendekati 0 sehingga plainteks dan chiperteks bisa dikatakan tidak berhubungan. Keacakan yang dihasilkan oleh fungsi dapat digunakan sebagai pembangkit bilangan acak. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan fungsi iterasi ( x 2 + 3 x − 5) /(5 x + 2) memberikan grafik yang acak dari bilangan satu sampai dengan bilangan ke lima dengan pengujian korelasi yang mendekati 0 sehingga fungsi ini dapat digunakan sebagai alternative dalam menghasilkan kunci pembangkit bilangan acak.This study tested the function ( x 2 + 3 x − 5) /(5 x + 2) to be used as a random number generator key. Block Cipher cryptography was used in this study using the Rational Function Method. The next test was carried out by the run test process, Mono Bit test, and Block Bit test to see the randomness of the obtained rational function. The function is then tested for the correlation between the ciphertext and the key which gives a result close to 0 so that the plaintext and ciphertext can be said to be unrelated. The randomness generated by the function can be used as a random number generator. Based on research conducted the iteration function ( x 2 + 3 x − 5) /(5 x + 2) provides a random graph from the number one to the fifth number with a correlation test close to 0 so that this function can be used as an alternative in generating random number generator ke

Trends and patterns in surface water chemistry in Europe and North America between 1990 and 2020, with a focus on calcium

Prosjektleder: Rolf David VogtThe report presents trends in major anions and cations, pH, TOC and bicarbonate in surface waters in Europe and North America from 1990 to 2020. Special attention is given to trends in calcium, which showed some unexpected increases. The trends in calcium are analysed in relation to changes in bicarbonates, organic anions, and deposition loads. The surface waters show strong signs of chemical recovery.Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)publishedVersio

Regional assessment of the current extent of acidification of surface waters in Europe and North America

The current status of surface water acidification related to air pollution in Europe and North America has been assessed using country reports, monitoring data, critical loads and exceedance data, acid sensitivity and deposition maps, and data reported under the European Commission’s Water Framework Directive (WFD). Acidification is still observed in many countries, but the extent and severity vary. Maps of acid sensitivity and deposition suggest that surface water acidification is present in regions and countries for which no data or reports were delivered for the current assessment. Existing national monitoring varies in the ability to assess the spatial extent of acidification and the recovery responses of acidified sites. The monitoring requirements under the European Union’s National Emission Ceilings Directive are expected to reverse the recent decline in the number of monitoring sites observed in some countries. The information reported under the WFD is currently of limited value in assessing the extent of acidification of surface waters in Europe. Chemical recovery in response to reductions in acid deposition can be slow, and biological recovery can lag severely behind. Despite large and effective efforts across Europe and North America to reduce surface water acidification, air pollution still constitutes a threat to freshwater ecosystems

Relating Translation Quality Barriers to Source-Text Properties

This paper aims to automatically identify which linguistic phenomena represent barriers to better MT quality. We focus on the translation of news data for two bidirectional language pairs: EN↔ES and EN↔DE. Using the diagnostic MT evaluation toolkit DELiC4MT and a set of human reference translations, we relate translation quality barriers to a selection of 9 source-side PoS-based linguistic checkpoints. Using output from the winning SMT, RbMT, and hybrid systems of the WMT 2013 shared task, translation quality barriers are investigated (in relation to the selected linguistic checkpoints) according to two main variables: (i) the type of the MT approach, i.e. statistical, rule-based or hybrid, and (ii) the human evaluation of MT output, ranked into three quality groups corresponding to good, near miss and poor. We show that the combination of manual quality ranking and automatic diagnostic evaluation on a set of PoS-based linguistic checkpoints is able to identify the specific quality barriers of different MT system types across the four translation directions under consideration

Regional assessment of the current extent of acidification of surface waters in Europe and North America

Project manager Kari AustnesThe current status of surface water acidification related to air pollution in Europe and North America has been assessed using country reports, monitoring data, critical loads and exceedance data, acid sensitivity and deposition maps, and data reported under the European Commission’s Water Framework Directive (WFD). Acidification is still observed in many countries, but the extent and severity vary. Maps of acid sensitivity and deposition suggest that surface water acidification is present in regions and countries for which no data or reports were delivered for the current assessment. Existing national monitoring varies in the ability to assess the spatial extent of acidification and the recovery responses of acidified sites. The monitoring requirements under the European Union’s National Emission Ceilings Directive are expected to reverse the recent decline in the number of monitoring sites observed in some countries. The information reported under the WFD is currently of limited value in assessing the extent of acidification of surface waters in Europe. Chemical recovery in response to reductions in acid deposition can be slow, and biological recovery can lag severely behind. Despite large and effective efforts across Europe and North America to reduce surface water acidification, air pollution still constitutes a threat to freshwater ecosystems.Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)publishedVersio

Experimental Study of the Course of Threshold Current, Voltage and Electrode Impedance During Stepwise Stimulation From the Skin Surface to the Human Cortex

<p>Background: Transcranial electric stimulation as used during intraoperative neurostimulation is dependent on electrode and skull impedances.</p><p>Objective: Threshold currents, voltages and electrode impedances were evaluated with electrical stimulation at 8 successive layers between the skin and the cerebral cortex.</p><p>Patients and Methods: Data of 10 patients (6f, 53 +/- 11 years) were analyzed. Motor evoked potentials were elicited by constant current stimulation with corkscrew type electrodes (CS) at C3 and C4 in line with standard transcranial electric stimulation. A monopolar anodal ball tip shaped probe was used for all other measurements being performed at the level of the skin, dura and cortex, as well as within the skull by stepwise performed burr holes close to C3 resp. C4.</p><p>Results: Average stimulation intensity, corresponding voltage and impedance for muscle MEPs at current motor threshold (CMT) were recorded: CS 54 +/- 23 mA (mean +/- SD), 38 +/- 21 V. 686 +/- 146 Omega; with the monopolar probe on skin 55 +/- 28 mA, 100 +/- 44 V. 1911 +/- 683 Omega and scalp 59 +/- 32 mA, 56 +/- 28 V. 1010 +/- 402 Omega; within the skull bone: outer compact layer 33 23 mA, 91 +/- 53 V. 3734 +/- 2793 Omega; spongiform layer 33 +/- 23 mA, 70 +/- 44 V.2347 +/- 1327 Omega; inner compact layer (ICL) 28 +/- 19 mA, 48 +/- 23 V. 2103 +/- 14980; on dura 25 +/- 12 mA, 17 +/- 12 V.643 +/- 244 Omega and cortex 14 +/- 6 mA, 11 +/- 5 V.859 +/- 300 Omega. CMTs were only significantly different for CS (P = 0.02) and for the monopolar probe between the cortex and ICL (P = 0.03), scalp (P = 0.01) or skin (P = 0.01) and between ICL and CS (P</p><p>Conclusion: The mean stimulation current of the CMT along the extracranial to intracranial anodal trajectory followed a stepwise reduction. VMT was strongly dependent on electrode impedance. CMT within the skull layers was noted to have relative strong shunting currents in scalp layers. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p>