Õpetajate väärtustüüpide kattuvus õpilases kujundada soovitavatega Viljandimaa kooli näitel : lõputöö

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Multi-method Analysis of Avian Eggs as Grave Goods: Revealing Symbolism in Conversion Period Burials at Kukruse, NE Estonia

Eggshells are unusual finds in the Iron Age of eastern Europe (500 BC–1200 AD) deserving extra attention in terms of analysis as well as interpretation. This paper discusses two rare eggshell finds, discovered in female burials at the conversion period (12th–13th century AD) cemetery at Kukruse, NE Estonia. Our multianalytical study combining FT-IR, SEM(-EDS), microscopy and ZooMS provides an overview of methods applicable for identifying egg species, their predepositional history and curation. Based on the analytical results and the comparative analysis of the content and context of these two burials, we argue that different aims and connotations lay behind depositing eggs as burial goods, allowing well-supported interpretations of both pagan and Christian religious worldviews simultaneously

Immature and Maturation-Resistant Human Dendritic Cells Generated from Bone Marrow Require Two Stimulations to Induce T Cell Anergy In Vitro

Immature dendritic cells (DC) represent potential clinical tools for tolerogenic cellular immunotherapy in both transplantation and autoimmunity. A major drawback in vivo is their potential to mature during infections or inflammation, which would convert their tolerogenicity into immunogenicity. The generation of immature DC from human bone marrow (BM) by low doses of GM-CSF (lowGM) in the absence of IL-4 under GMP conditions create DC resistant to maturation, detected by surface marker expression and primary stimulation by allogeneic T cells. This resistence could not be observed for BM-derived DC generated with high doses of GM-CSF plus IL-4 (highGM/4), although both DC types induced primary allogeneic T cell anergy in vitro. The estabishment of the anergic state requires two subsequent stimulations by immature DC. Anergy induction was more profound with lowGM-DC due to their maturation resistance. Together, we show the generation of immature, maturation-resistant lowGM-DC for potential clinical use in transplant rejection and propose a two-step-model of T cell anergy induction by immature DC

Children of the grave: Investigating non-adult feeding practices in medieval and early modern Estonia through stable isotope analysis /

Studying infant diet and feeding practices through stable isotope analysis provides direct insight into the life and health of vulnerable population groups in the past. Although the gen- eral diet in medieval and early modern Livonia has been reconstructed from written sources, little is known about childhood diet during this tumultuous period of Eastern European his- tory. This study presents a comparative investigation of the staple non-adult diet in urban/ rural communities during the 13th-17th centuries AD, with a special focus on feeding prac- tices. We aim to reveal the impact of socio-economic circumstances on early childhood nutrition, which affects the physical development and overall survival of this susceptible pop- ulation group. Bone collagen samples from 176 individuals between the fetal and the 7–15 age categories from four urban/rural South-Estonian cemeteries were cross-sectionally analyzed via EA-IRMS (Elemental Analysis with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy) for δ13C and δ15N. Results suggest that South-Estonian children had a staple terrestrial C3 diet inte- grated with animal proteins. Significant divergences were observed between urban and rural sites and slight variation occurred among rural subgroups, possibly resulting from a wider food choice available in towns, different consumption of C4 foods, and/or secular changes. This study provides the first data regarding infant feeding practices in medieval and early modern Livonia. These practices were similar among the different contexts, indi- cating comparable cultural traditions in child rearing. Breastfeeding was likely practiced for 1–2 years, with supplementary foods introduced around 1 year of age. The weaning process was probably concluded around the age of 3. The δ13C and δ15N values of older children are comparable to those of the adults from the same sites, indicating their diets became sim- ilar after weaning, when they started working and obtained a more mature social status

Biological Consequences of Psychological Distress in Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its Potential Relevance to Other Chronic Diseases Including Cancer

Purpose of Review Caregivers of children with a chronic illness are a neglected group in medical research and patient care, and are frequently confronted with chronic psychological distress. The biological consequences of this chronic distress are unclear but highly relevant, as these caregivers have a lifelong task in caring for their child. In this review, the authors specifically describe caregiver distress related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the review may be relevant to other chronic diseases, including cancer. Recent Findings Epidemiological evidence illustrates the increased mortality risk in caregivers of children with ASD although some individual factors appear to diminish these risks. Biological studies demonstrate that caregiver distress can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis, a pro-inflammatory state of the immune and central nervous system, and gut microbiome imbalance. Caregivers of children with a chronic illness like ASD deserve more health-related attention with respect to their psychological and physical well-being. Such attention would benefit individual caregivers, as well as their children, as both are highly interconnected. Structural psychological and physical screening of caregivers can be considered.New methods for child psychiatric diagnosis and treatment outcome evaluatio

Boxplot of the δ¹⁵N values of rural and urban children.

The blue color indicates urban individuals, while the pink color indicates rural individuals. The non-adult values were plotted against the mean δ15N values of the urban and rural female individuals at the age of 20–35 and 35–50 years, indicated in the graph with the blue and pink dotted and dashed lines. The children in the 1–7 and 7–15 categories were further divided into smaller 2-years groups to provide higher resolution to the data. Statistical outliers have been determined for each age group according to the IQR criterion.</p

Summary statistics of non-adult isotopic values for each subcategory.

Summary statistics of non-adult isotopic values for each subcategory.</p

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values of the samples colored by the cemeteries used in this study.

The urban and rural distributions are separated in the boxplots. The values of local fauna are added as references (Aguraiuja-Lätti, original data; Malve, original data). The ellipses are drawn with 95% confidence intervals, and the outliers related to the urban and rural samples were determined using the IQR criterion.</p

Descriptive statistics of urban and rural non-adults for each age range.

Descriptive statistics of urban and rural non-adults for each age range.</p

Location of the studied rural and urban cemeteries.

Squares indicate urban contexts, while triangles represent rural areas. The demographic analysis for each site is reported in the pie charts, which show a high variability in the percentage of non-adult individuals in each context [54, 57, 59, 60]; (Malve, original data). ♂ = adult males; ♀ = adult females; non-adults = individuals under 17 years of age; Unknown = adult individuals for whom sex estimation was not possible.</p