Investigation of Underwater Optical Wireless Communications with Turbulence

Turbulence is due to the random variations of the refractive index of the medium (in this case water), which leads to fluctuation or fading of the received light intensity. In wireless communications including underwater optical wireless communications the link performance is greatly affected. In this paper, we investigate the effect of turbulence on the probability density function (PDF) of the received light intensity. We show that lognormal and negative exponential distributions are fitted well with the PDFs of the received light intensity in weak-to-strong and saturated turbulence regimes. The goodness of fit test is performed to validate the conformity of these two distributions with the simulation results. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of the divergence angle of the Gaussian beam transmitter, the receiver’s aperture diameter and field of view on the scintillation index

Effective Factors in Insurance Deductions in One of the Armed Forces Hospitals in Tehran/ Iran: a case study

Background & Objectives: Deductions applied by insurance companies on sent bills affect the income of hospitals. If hospitals do not pay attention to this issue, it is probable that they do not receive the costs that they have paid even for the provided services. Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study conducted in one of the armed forces hospitals in Tehran in 2015, 6717 medical files belonged to the admitted cases were investigated. The list of reported deductions for admitted cases was prepared using a self-made form that included deduction topics (surgery, anesthesia, services, imaging, laboratory, supplies and equipment, beds, visit and counseling). Results: The highest rate of deduction was due to the additional request for surgery and anesthesia (30% of total deduction). The highest rates of return were respectively related to request lower than tariff rate (78%) and absence of recording services related to surgical activities (17%) and operating room and anesthesia (5%). After identifying these cases, a total of 3270 million Rial was returned to the financial resources of hospital. Conclusion: Some strategies for reducing deductions are transferring affairs related to the registration and identification of outpatient services to the authorities of the units, establishing a system for collecting the experience of personnel and transferring them to the insurance organizations, creating a system for receiving the suggestions and ideas of employees, establishing interactions with the authorities of the contracting insurance companies, having physicians to record correct codes of surgery and services as well as establishing deduction committees. Key¬words: Deduction, Insurance, Armed Forces, Hospital Citation: Vali-pour N, Mosavi-nejad SM, Meshkani Z. Effective Factors in Insurance Deductions in One of the Armed Forces Hospitals in Tehran/ Iran: a case study. Journal of Health Based Research 2017; 3(2): 141-150

Structural study of the coordination behavior of a tetradentate NO3-donor amino alcohol ligand toward a CdII:HgII mixture

In this work, the reaction of 2,2′,2″-nitrilotriethanol (NTE) with a 1:1 mixture of CdI2 and HgI2 is investigated. The complex [Cd(NTE)2][Hg2(μ-I)2I4] was synthesized and identified by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of the [HNTE]Cl salt is also presented. In the crystal structure of the complex, the cadmium atom has a CdN2O6 environment in a slightly distorted cube geometry. This geometry is one of the rare cube geometries with a minimum distortion among the Cambridge Structural Database structures for cadmium complexes. The anionic moiety has a binuclear structure with the mercury atoms being in tetrahedral environments. In the network of the complex, in addition to O−H · · · I hydrogen bonds, there are I · · · I interactions which lead to ten-membered rings.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Study of Inappropriate Medication Prescribed to the Elderly Hospitalized Patients Using the START Screening Tool

Objectives Aging population is of global concern and care for the health and quality of life for people over 65 years of major issues and problems of today and the future will be . Medication is an essential component of care for elderly patients, and optimizing the treatment for elderly patients is challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of appropriate non-prescribed drugs in 60 elderly patients hospitalized in teaching and non-teaching hospitals in the University of Medical Sciences by using screening tool START. Methods & Materials This cross-sectional study included 400 randomly selected elderly patients of Parts common (CCU, ENT, ICU General, Orthopedics, Surgery General, The Internal) hospitalized within six months (from June to December 2013). The data from the hospital records of the selected patients were collected to determine the appropriate medications prescribed by the criterion START. The data was analyzed using software Excel 2013 and SPSS 18, and the relationship between variables was determined by using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation coefficient, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results The average age of the elderly patients was 73.4 years. Cardiovascular disease had the largest prevalence (21.6%) and diabetes (3.0) had the lowest prevalence among the elderly patients. The total number of drugs prescribed for patients was 4744; of which, 158 patients (39.6%) were not prescribed with at least one appropriate medication. The most appropriate medications that were not prescribed according to START were related to bisphosphonates category (11.7% vs. 13.3%) and anti-diabetic category (8.3% vs. 11.4%) in non-training and training hospitals. There was a significant relationship between the average appropriate medication not prescribed and the length of stay of patients in teaching hospitals. The number of appropriate medication not prescribed with the increasing number of prescribed medications has increased significantly. Conclusion Since issues relating to the appropriate medications prescribed among the elderly can be serious, the drugs prescribed for the elderly are very important. Supervising the prescription, supply, and rational use of drugs is very vital and effective and as part of the health budget allocated to the drug. Therefore, hospitals can take advantage of physicians with medical consultants and expert opinions of clinical pharmacists in handling this problem

Study of Non-Appropriate Medications Among Elderly Patients in Hospitals Affiliated with IUMS Using The STOPP Screening Tool in 2013

Background: The use of inappropriate medications in the elderly is an important issue in the health care system. This issue can increase the side effects and the costs. This study aimed to investigate the prescribing of inappropriate medications in elderly patients. Materials & Methods: In this cross- sectional study, 400 elderly people were selected by simple random sampling at four teaching and non- teaching in hospitals affiliated with IUMS during six months of the 2013 year. The data was collected from the profiles of hospitalization of patients and check lists of STOPP criteria and was analyzed using the chi- square test, Mann- Whitney, Spearman correlation coefficients and Kolmogorov- Smirnov. Results: The mean age of the elderly was 73.4 year. The total number of prescribed drugs for studied patients was 4744 of which at least 124(31.1 Percent) inappropriate medication was prescribed for a patient. According to STOPP criteria, most inappropriate prescriptions were in the non- teaching hospitals related to drug classes Benzodiazepine (13.1 Percent) and Long-acting metabolites (6.2 Percent) and the teaching hospitals Benzodiazepine (9 Percent) and Anti-diabetic (2.7 Percent).Prescribed inappropriate drugs have had a significant relationship with the type of hospitalization section and the length of patients’ residence in the teaching hospitals while the number of inappropriate drugs prescribed was increased as the number of diseases of the elderly in non- teaching hospitals was increased significantly. Discussion: The rate of prescribing inappropriate medications among nursing was not considered in good standing. It seems that the introduction of screening tools can improve the accuracy of medication administration and physician partners and in addition to improving the quality of prescribing in the elderly it is required to design a comprehensive instruction for the country

The Ideal Status and Expectations of the Gifted and Talented Students: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Gifted and talented students are the main customers and driving force of the education system, therefore, the existence of a permanent mechanism based on their demands, expectations, and problems seems necessary to improve the education system. Method: This qualitative study was done using conventional content analysis. The participants were 23 gifted and talented students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, in 2016. Sampling was performed using convenience sampling by the brilliant talent center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: In this study, 23 interviews were conducted. Finally, 118 themes remained in two main categories (factors affecting talented students' satisfaction and the ways to prevent brain drain). Poor teaching methods and lack of educational resources were the most important educational problems. Weak management and lack of research funding were the most important research problems. In the students' point of view, improvement of teaching status and organization of human resources management are the most important priorities for the preservation of the elite forces. Conclusion: The results of this study that are consistent with the results of domestic and International studies, emphasize the importance of paying special attention to the expectations and demands of gifted and talented students. In addition to the educational, research and welfare services problems, socio-economic problems were also identified as a cause of brain drain. Keywords: Gifted and talented students, Qualitative study, Brain drai

Social impact of the Iraq-Iran war as experienced by Iranian surgeons

Surgeons played a vital role in the Iraq-Iran War by healing injured soldiers and reducing the rate of death. The purpose of this study was to describe their lived experiences and social impact during the war. This qualitative study was conducted from May 2018-June 2019 and surgeons who participated in the Iraq-Iran War were invited. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data from 28 participants. Four main themes emerged from the data:  1- Military role was important in providing essential facilities and safe zones for personnel and soldiers at the warfront. 2- It was critical to reinforce the infrastructure for immediate medical assistance. 3- Disaster training for medical personnel was vital for triage, treatment, education and research planning. 4- Spiritual and religious beliefs. Disaster planning and training for physicians by drills is essential to meet the challenges of unexpected events and operative readiness requires drill training on a quarterly or semi-annual basis

Post-discharge follow-up of patients with spine trauma in the National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic:Challenges and lessons learned

PURPOSE: The purpose of the National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran (NSCIR-IR) is to create an infrastructure to assess the quality of care for spine trauma and in this study, we aim to investigate whether the NSCIR-IR successfully provides necessary post-discharge follow-up data for these patients.METHODS: An observational prospective study was conducted from April 11, 2021 to April 22, 2022 in 8 centers enrolled in NSCIR-IR, respectively Arak, Rasht, Urmia, Shahroud, Yazd, Kashan, Tabriz, and Tehran. Patients were classified into three groups based on their need for care resources, respectively: (1) non-spinal cord injury (SCI) patients without surgery (group 1), (2) non-SCI patients with surgery (group 2), and (3) SCI patients (group 3). The assessment tool was a self-designed questionnaire to evaluate the care quality in 3 phases: pre-hospital, in-hospital, and post-hospital. The data from the first 2 phases were collected through the registry. The post-hospital data were collected by conducting follow-up assessments. Telephone follow-ups were conducted for groups 1 and 2 (non-SCI patients), while group 3 (SCI patients) had a face-to-face visit. This study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on age and time interval from injury to follow-up were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and response rate and follow-up loss as a percentage.RESULTS: Altogether 1538 telephone follow-up records related to 1292 patients were registered in the NSCIR-IR. Of the total calls, 918 (71.05%) were related to successful follow-ups, but 38 cases died and thus were excluded from data analysis. In the end, post-hospital data from 880 patients alive were gathered. The success rate of follow-ups by telephone for groups 1 and 2 was 73.38% and 67.05% respectively, compared to 66.67% by face-to-face visits for group 3, which was very hard during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data completion rate after discharge ranged from 48% to 100%, 22%-100% and 29%-100% for groups 1 - 3.CONCLUSIONS: To improve patient accessibility, NSCIR-IR should take measures during data gathering to increase the accuracy of registered contact information. Regarding the loss to follow-ups of SCI patients, NSCIR-IR should find strategies for remote assessment or motivate them to participate in follow-ups through, for example, providing transportation facilities or financial support.</p

Structural conversion of an oxazolidine ligand upon treatment with copper(I) and (II) halides; structural, spectral, theoretical and docking studies

In this work, the 2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)oxazolidin-3-yl)ethanol (AEPC) ligand was prepared under solvent free conditions using ultrasonic irradiation, before reaction with a Cu(NO3)2/KSCN mixture, CuCl2 and CuI, the products of which were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray analyses results revealed that AEPC, after reactions with the three copper(I/II) halides, gave structures ([Cu(DEA)Cl2] ( 2 ), DEA = diethanolamine, [Cu(BHEG)2] ( 3 ), BHEG = bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycinato), however it retains its structure on treatment with Cu(NO3)2/KSCN mixture ([Cu(AEPC)(NCS)2] ( 1 )). The geometrical parameters for the complexes were compared with the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and coordination modes for thiocyanate ion were extracted. In the crystal structure of 1 , the copper ion has a distorted square-pyramidal geometry and a CuNpyN2NCSNtertOalc environment in which the AEPC acts as NN'O-donor in a facial coordination mode. In the crystal structure of 2 , the copper ion has a Cu(Nsec)(Oalc)2Cl2 environment and distorted square-pyramidal geometry in which the DEA ligand is coordinated as a mer-NO2-donor. The copper ion in 3 has a CuN2O4 environment and distorted octahedral geometry. The ability of these compounds to interact with the nine biomacromolecules (BRAF kinase, CatB, DNA gyrase, HDAC7, rHA, RNR, TrxR, TS and Top II) was investigated by Docking calculations and compared with that of doxorubicin. The thermodynamic stability of 1 and its isomer and also charge distribution patterns were studied by DFT and NBO analysis, respectively.PostprintPeer reviewe