EEG-based spatio-temporal relation signatures for the diagnosis of depression and schizophrenia

Abstract The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders is currently based on a clinical and psychiatric examination (intake). Ancillary tests are used minimally or only to exclude other disorders. Here, we demonstrate a novel mathematical approach based on the field of p-adic numbers and using electroencephalograms (EEGs) to identify and differentiate patients with schizophrenia and depression from healthy controls. This novel approach examines spatio-temporal relations of single EEG electrode signals and characterizes the topological structure of these relations in the individual patient. Our results indicate that the relational topological structures, characterized by either the personal universal dendrographic hologram (DH) signature (PUDHS) or personal block DH signature (PBDHS), form a unique range for each group of patients, with impressive correspondence to the clinical condition. This newly developed approach results in an individual patient signature calculated from the spatio-temporal relations of EEG electrodes signals and might help the clinician with a new objective tool for the diagnosis of a multitude of psychiatric disorders

Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Clozapine:A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial

Background: While accumulating evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency may be involved in the risk to develop schizophrenia and its outcome, there are no studies on vitamin D supplementation in this context. We sought to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on psychiatric, cognitive and metabolic parameters in chronic clozapine-treated schizophrenia patients. Methods: This eight-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, recruited schizophrenia patients who had been maintained on clozapine treatment for at least 18 weeks and had low levels of vitamin D (<75 nmol/l) and total PANSS scores >70 (to ascertain the presence of residual symptoms). Patients were randomly allocated to either weekly oral drops of vitamin D (14,000 IU) or placebo and subsequently assessed at two-week intervals for psychosis severity, mood, cognition and metabolic profile. Results: Twenty four patients were randomly assigned to vitamin D (aged 39.4 ± 9.6 years, 75% males) and the other 23 patients to the placebo arm (aged 42.5 ± 11.2 years, 60.9% males). After eight weeks, the vitamin D group exhibited a significant increase in vitamin D levels (31.4 vs −0.4 nmol/l, p < 0.0001). There was no significant effect of vitamin D on psychotic, depressive or metabolic parameters. However, in the vitamin D group, there was a trend towards improved cognition (effect size = 0.17, significance lost following Bonferroni correction). Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation was associated with a trend towards improved cognition, but did not affect psychosis, mood or metabolic status. It is possible that the robust decrease in the PANSS scores in both groups may have obscured an effect of vitamin D supplementation