Secreto y monopolio En Venecia: El gremio del vidrio muranés

During the Middle Ages, the Republic of Venice developed a strong monopoly on the art of glass until the 17<sup>th</sup> century. This social and political control over the guild of glassmakers created a new model of guild based on the protection of the secret knowledge and counterintelligence. It was one of the most important causes of the development of the Venetian intelligence service, the most important in Europe in the early Modern Age. This article analyses the Venetian Republic control over the glass secret and how it affected the glassmakers guild in Venice and Murano.<br><br>Durante los siglos centrales de la Edad Media la República de Venecia desarrolló un monopolio sobre el negocio del vidrio que se prolongó hasta mediados del siglo XVII. Este control del arte del vidrio en todos los aspectos provocó que el gremio de los vidrieros de Murano evolucionara legal y socialmente a un modelo específico basado en la protección de la información y en la contrainteligencia, que influyó de forma decisiva en la consolidación de la estructura de espionaje e inteligencia veneciana, la más importante en la baja Edad Media y principios de la Modernidad. Este artículo pretende analizar el control que la República veneciana desarrolló sobre el secreto del vidrio y cómo éste afectó al modelo de gremio desarrollado primero en Venecia y después en Murano

Years of sunlight exposure and cataract: a case-control study in a Mediterranean population.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the relation between sunlight exposure and risk of cataract. METHODS: We carried out a frequency-matched case-control study of 343 cases and 334 controls attending an ophthalmology outpatient clinic at a primary health-care center in a small town near Valencia, Spain. All cases were diagnosed as having a cataract in at least one eye based on the Lens Opacification Classification system (LOCS II). Controls had no opacities in either eye. All cases and controls were interviewed for information on outdoor exposure, "usual" diet, history of severe episodes of diarrhea illness, life-style factors and medical and socio-demographic variables. Blood antioxidant vitamin levels were also analyzed. We used logistic regression models to estimate sex and age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) by quintiles of years of occupational outdoor exposure, adjusting for potential confounders such as smoking, alcohol consumption, serum antioxidants and education. RESULTS: No association was found between years of outdoor exposure and risk of cataract. However, exploratory analyses suggested a positive association between years of outdoor exposure at younger ages and risk of nuclear cataract later in life. CONCLUSION: Our study does not support an association with cataract and sunlight exposure over adult life

Plant phenology supports the multi-emergence hypothesis for ebola spillover events

Ebola virus disease outbreaks in animals (including humans and great apes) start with sporadic host switches from unknown reservoir species. The factors leading to such spillover events are little explored. Filoviridae viruses have a wide range of natural hosts and are unstable once outside hosts. Spillover events, which involve the physical transfer of viral particles across species, could therefore be directly promoted by conditions of host ecology and environment. In this report we outline a proof of concept that temporal fluctuations of a set of ecological and environmental variables describing the dynamics of the host ecosystem are able to predict such events of Ebola virus spillover to humans and animals. We compiled a dataset of climate and plant phenology variables and Ebola virus disease spillovers in humans and animals. We identified critical biotic and abiotic conditions for spillovers via multiple regression and neural networks based time series regression. Phenology variables proved to be overall better predictors than climate variables. African phenology variables are not yet available as a comprehensive online resource. Given the likely importance of phenology for forecasting the likelihood of future Ebola spillover events, our results highlight the need for cost-effective transect surveys to supply phenology data for predictive modelling efforts

El carácter social del lenguaje y su función vertebradora del pensamiento: la transposición didáctica traducida en el Taller de Lengua y Literatura.

El lenguaje es algo tan familiar para las personas, que, tal vez por ello, no se detienen a reflexionar sobre la importancia del mismo. Desde este artículo se trata de exponer su carácter social y su labor como elemento vertebrador del pensamiento humano, estos dos axiomas influyen de un modo notable en el modo de vida de las personas y, en consecuencia, en el tipo de sociedad que éstas conforman. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que a un mayor desarrollo de las destrezas ungúisticas de las personas, se construirá una sociedad más avanzada, se busca un modelo de enseñanza acorde con tal premisa. Ese modelo lo hallamos en la enseñanza crítica y, concretamente, en la transposición didáctica que suponen los Talleres de Lengua y Literatura. A través de su análisis, justificaremos nuestro posicionamiento

Angiofibroma en un individuo de época medieval (s. XII-XIII)

X Congreso Nacional de Paleopatología. Univesidad Autónoma de Madrid, septiembre de 200

On linear instability mechanisms in incompressible open cavity flow

A theoretical study of linear global instability of incompressible flow over a rectangular spanwise-periodic open cavity in an unconfined domain is presented. Comparisons with the limited number of results available in the literature are shown. Subsequently, the parameter space is scanned in a systematic manner, varying Reynolds number, incoming boundary-layer thickness and length-to-depth aspect ratio. This permits documenting the neutral curves and leading eigenmode characteristics of this flow. Correlations constructed using the results obtained collapse all available theoretical data on the three-dimensional instabilities

Timed Automata Semantics for Visual e-Contracts

C-O Diagrams have been introduced as a means to have a more visual representation of electronic contracts, where it is possible to represent the obligations, permissions and prohibitions of the different signatories, as well as what are the penalties in case of not fulfillment of their obligations and prohibitions. In such diagrams we are also able to represent absolute and relative timing constraints. In this paper we present a formal semantics for C-O Diagrams based on timed automata extended with an ordering of states and edges in order to represent different deontic modalities.Comment: In Proceedings FLACOS 2011, arXiv:1109.239

Recent developments in dynamical systems: three perspectives

This paper aims to an present account of some problems considered in the past years in Dynamical Systems, new research directions and also provide some open problems

The Envelope Attractor of Non-Strict Multivalued Dynamical Systems with Application To The 3D Navier-Stokes and Reaction-Diffusion Equations

Multivalued semiflows generated by evolution equations without uniqueness sometimes satisfy a semigroup set inclusion rather than equality because, for example, the concatentation of solutions satisfying an energy inequality almost everywhere may not satisfy the energy inequality at the joining time. Such multivalued semiflows are said to be non-strict and their attractors need only be negatively semi-invariant. In this paper the problem of enveloping a non-strict multivalued dynamical system in a strict one is analyzed and their attactors are compared. Two constructions are proposed. In the first, the attainability set mapping is extending successively to be strict at the dyadic numbers, which essentially means (in the case of the Navier–Stokes system) that the energy inequality is satisfied piecewise on successively finer dyadic subintervals. The other deals directly with trajectories and their concatenations, which are then used to define a strict multivalued dynamical system. The first is shown to be applicable to the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and the second to a reaction–diffusion problem without unique solutions